Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is a major disease of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), which require more than 15 days of shipment at 0°C to reach international markets. The aims of this study were (i) to determine the relative susceptibility of the flowering and fruiting stages, (ii) to determine the critical blueberry growth stages for postharvest gray mold control, and (iii) to determine the infection risks on the basis of weather conditions. The epiphytic colonization of B. cinerea of flowers and fruits was demonstrated in blueberry ‘Brigitta’ and ‘Duke’ in Antuco and Virquenco. In inoculated flowers and fruits in humid chambers at 20°C, full bloom and mature fruit stages were the most susceptible stages. Fungicide applications at the mature fruit stage appeared as the most critical period for gray mold control in stored fruits. The algorithm proposed, which was based on >6 h of wetness between 14 and 25°C, allowed the estimation of the periods of B. cinerea infection risk. A significant correlation between the B. cinerea infection risk and gray mold incidence in stored fruits was obtained (r = 0.96, P < 0.0001). Therefore, this algorithm has the potential to optimize fungicide applications under field conditions, but field validation of this algorithm remains to be determined.
Introduction: Outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) have improved with antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, whether the outcomes have improved in low- and middle-income countries, paralleling those of high-income countries is unknown. The objective of this study was to describe a cohort of HIV-infected patients admitted to ICU in a middle-income country and identify the risk factors associated with mortality.
Methodology: A cohort study of HIV-infected patients admitted to five ICUs in Medellín, Colombia, between 2009 and 2014 was done. The association of demographic, clinical and laboratory variables with mortality was analyzed using a Poisson regression model with random effects.
Results: During this time period, 472 admissions of 453 HIV-infected patients were included. Indications for ICU admission were: respiratory failure (57%), sepsis/septic shock (30%) and central nervous system (CNS) compromise (27%). Opportunistic infections (OI) explained 80% of ICU admissions. Mortality rate was 49%. Factors associated with mortality included hematological malignancies, CNS compromise, respiratory failure, and APACHE II score ≥ 20.
Conclusions: Despite advances in HIV care in the ART era, half of HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU died. This elevated mortality was associated to underlying disease severity (respiratory failure and APACHE II score ≥ 20), and host conditions (hematological malignancies, admission for CNS compromise). Despite the high prevalence of OIs in this cohort, mortality was not directly associated to OIs.
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