No abstract
Four experiments investigated taste potentiation in weanling rats. In Experiment 1, the animals that drank a conditioning compound of denatonium and saccharin consumed significantly less on the test than controls that drank only saccharin during conditioning. This enhanced saccharin aversion was decremented by postconditioning extinction to denatonium in Experiment 2, and no generalization of saccharin aversions to the denatonium was observed in Experiment 3. Extinction of either saccharin or denatonium aversions after compound conditioning was shown in Experiment 4 to result in substantial decrements in aversions to the compound. The relationship of these outcomes to a multiple-association account of potentiation and to the role of discrimination processes in ingestional learning is discussed.
This paper was selected for presentation ty en SPE Program CommKfee Iolbwmg review of udormation contained In an absfracf aubmmed by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by Iha Scmefy QI Petrofeum Engumerz and are subject to mrr-tbn by the aulh+). Tim mafenal, as pmsenfad, does not _sanfy rdlsct any gmsihon of the SOctoty of Petrol-sum Engineers, ifs dtiwrs, w members. Papem presented at SPE meetings ere subject to puMcation revbw by Edtorial Committee of the .%ciafy of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to cow IS restrm fed to an ab$fracl of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may nol ba COPM. The abstracl should contain ccmspIcuous acknow'bdgment of wtfere and b whom the eper m presented. Write Libfarian, SPE, P.O. Sox S33S%, R!chaJdson, XL? TX 750S3-6, U.S.A. dOX, 1K?245 SPEUT, AbstractWater handling is a major expense involved in producing mature oil fields, Reservoir heterogeneities and variations in permeability can aggravate the problem of water production and significantly reduce the efficiency of oil production. Several methods for improving reservoir sweep through conformance control have been used. Methods such as crosslinked polymer technology have alleviated problems associated with reservoir heterogeneity.Other alternatives such as microbial-and surfactant-based methods have been proposed. This paper presents the results of research conducted on polymer-producing bacteria that were isolated and tested at various temperatures and salinities. Coreflooding experiments were conducted to show the effectiveness of microbial treatments, Reduction in effective permeabilities by as much as 90% were achieved due to in situ polymer production. Noninvasive imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer-aided tomography (CT) were employed to visualize changes in fluid distribution in porous media. High permeability areas were blocked by biopolymer production, resulting in brine diversion into lower permeability areas.
The field history and performance of microbial culture products for the oil field is examined. For over 15 years, microbial culture products have been used for paraffin control, production enhancement, well bore treatments as well as for scale and corrosion problems. The wide-ranging capacity of microbes to effect positive changes in oil and water properties is described. The broad spectrum of oil types and formations that have been treated successfully is reported along with treatment protocols. Mechanistic considerations for modes of action are analyzed. Traditionally, these considerations involve the continuous production of biosurfactants, solvents and other oil mobilizing agents. Continuous advancement of microbial technology has led to more recent development of new applications that use unique metabolic capabilities of microorganisms to address specific well problems. Examples of applying these products to problems in oil field production systems are shown. The outlook for development of new technologies and the future application of these products to the oil field is discussed. Introduction Microbial culture products occupy an increasingly important and growing segments in oil field production operations. They are a truly environmentally benign treatment technology that can be used to replace and augment many conventional technologies, including many oil field chemicals. The extraordinary diversity of microorganisms with the concomitant likelihood for many more such products in the future suggests that their role in oil field operations will continue to expand and will supplant many conventional technologies in the next 100 years. It is therefore important to review the prior and current uses of this technology. Historical Applications of Microbial Culture Products Paraffin Control. Microbial culture products (MCPs) were first used in 1986 in the Austin Chalk formation in Texas to control paraffin deposition. The theory behind these products was that microorganisms can be isolated and combined in novel mixtures which will produce biochemicals that will mimic the action of classic oil field chemicals such as pour point depressants, crystal modifiers and wax dispersants. The advantage of using such biological products is the fact that the microorganisms will 1) produce these biochemicals continuously and 2) attach to surfaces where paraffin deposition is occurring and act directly at the site of deposition. The first successful application of these products began a pattern of expansion that continued throughout the 80s and 90s. Paraffin deposition results in a variety of problems for oil field operators, ranging from plugging of tubulars to occult formation deposition that reduces formation permeability. A continual increase in the number of products available to the industry allowed the expansion of the microbial technology for paraffin control into a variety of different oil types and formations. Conventional technologies to control paraffin deposition are thermal and chemical treatments. Both of these technologies have limitations that restrict their long-term effectiveness. In particular, hot oil or water treatments may lead to increased formation damage by forcing deposited high molecular weight paraffins into the formation where they can contribute to pore throat plugging and lead to production loss. Development of MCPs represents a successful alternative technology to remove paraffin deposits without causing lasting formation damage. Long term use of MCPs showed no damage to the oil field production system and their use increased throughout the mid continent region in the early 1990s. Examples of the successful application of this technology in the oil field have been previously documented in SPE papers.1,2,3
Business process management (BPM) in the public sector is proliferating globally, but has its contextual challenges. Ad hoc process improvement initiatives across governmental departments are not uncommon. However, as for all organisations, BPM efforts that are coordinated across the organisation will reap better outcomes than those conducted in isolation. BPM education plays a vital role in supporting such organisation-wide BPM efforts. This teaching case is focused on the sustainable development and progression of enterprise business process management (E-BPM) capabilities at the Federal Department of Human Services: a large Australian federal government agency. The detailed case narrative vividly describes the case organisation, their prior and present BPM practices and how they have attempted BPM at an enterprise level, capturing pros and cons of the journey. A series of student activities pertaining to E-BPM practices is provided with model answers (covering key aspects of BPM governance, strategic alignment, culture, people, IT, methods, etc.). This case provides invaluable insights into E-BPM efforts in general and BPM within the public sector. It can be useful to BPM educators as a rich training resource and to BPM practitioners seeking guidance for their E-BPM efforts.
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