In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in consumption of red fruits and vegetables due to its rich dietary sources of antioxidant, phenolics and anthocyanins. In this study, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of green and red lettuce cultivars were studied. Particularly, the effect of leaf position on these properties was compared. Eight conventionally grown cultivars of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), with four green (Fonseca, Freckles, Krizet and Filipus) and four red (Versai, Nation, Paradai and Cherokee) cultivars were studied. Their leaves were divided into three groups; outer, middle and inner part. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of each group of leaves was assessed by both trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Leaf color, total soluble solids, total phenolics (TP), total anthocyanin (TACY), chlorophyll a and b were determined. The results demonstrated that outer leaves have the highest phytonutrient content and antioxidant properties. Outer leaves exhibited significantly higher TP and TAC than middle and inner leaves in both red and green color lettuce. The average TP content of red lettuce were 845, 297 and 195 μg gallic acid equivalent per gram fresh weight in the outer, middle and inner leaves, respectively. Also TAC of outer leaves was significantly higher than middle and inner leaves in both red and green color lettuce. The magnitude of difference between red and green cultivars was significant as determined by both TEAC and FRAP methods.
It is well known that biotic and abiotic factors that affect lettuce growth influence pigmentation, phytochemicals and nitrate concentration. In this study, the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers (T) on pigments, phytochemicals and nitrate concentrations of red and green lettuce was investigated. Information on the effects of cultivar (C), T and their interactions will inform future selection strategies for the production of low-nitrate cultivars. The results indicated that C significantly affected pigment, phytochemicals and nitrate concentration. The effect of T was significant on chlorophylls and nitrate concentration of the red and green lettuce. Analyses of variance showed that C £ T was significant for anthocyanin, phytochemicals and nitrate. The results also indicated that green and red varieties responded differently to the fertilizer sources. The green cultivar showed larger differences than the red cultivars. Also, the cultivar that had the highest anthocyanin content accumulated higher nitrate concentration than the others. To determine whether colour influences the nitrate accumulation, further study has to be conducted with more red and green varieties in controlled environments. Consequently, to minimize the risk associated with high concentrations of nitrate in plants or ground water, it is necessary to optimize the cultivar selection, fertilizer source and amount of nutrient applied to the crop.
Havuç son yıllarda her mevsimde üretilen ve taze, yemeklik, haşlanmış, garnitür, meyve suyu ve turşu şeklinde tüketilebilen bir sebzedir. Havuç renklerinde açık sarı renkten koyu mor-siyah renge kadar çok büyük değişkenlik vardır. Koyu mor-siyah rengi ve yüksek antosiyanin içeriğinden dolayı Ereğli Siyahı sanayide yaygın olarak kullanılan bir çeşittir. Ancak bu çeşidin köklerinin dış rengi birbirine benzemesine rağmen iç rengi, odun ve soymuk kısımları arasında, geniş bir varyasyon gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışma da Ereğli Siyahı çeşidinde gözlenen iç renk değişikliğine bağlı olarak fitokimyasal içeriklerin değişip değişmediği ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada, Konya'nın Ereğli ilçesinde aynı alanda eşit şartlarda yetiştirilen Ereğli Siyahı çeşidinden tesadüfi olarak örneklenerek, 700 pazarlanabilir kök alınarak iç renklerine göre 11 farklı gruba ayrılıp her grup içerisindeki kök sayısı belirlenmiştir. Her grup kendi içerisinde homojenize edilmiş ve 4 tekerrür olarak fitokimyasal analizler için örnekler hazırlanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucu 7 numaralı grubun en yüksek fenolik içeriğine (1199,23 µg GAE/g fw) sahip olduğu 5 numaralı grubun ise 516,54 µg GAE/g fw değeri ile en düşük fenolik içeriğine sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Antioksidan kapasiteleri TEAC ve FRAP yöntemleri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. En yüksek TEAC (8,54 µmol TE/g) ve FRAP (15,52 µmol TE/g) değerlerine 2 numaralı grupta rastlanırken 5 numaralı grup en düşük TEAC (2,09 µmol TE/g) ve FRAP (1,62 µmol TE/g) değerlerini vermiştir. Alınan kök sayılarına göre 700 kök içerisinde %35'lik dilimle 2 numaralı grubun en fazla kök sayısına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar Ereğli Siyahı içinde, çeşitli fitokimyasal özellikler bakımından büyük değişkenliğin olduğunu göstermiştir. Carrot produced in all seasons and can be consumed as fresh, cooked, boiled, garnish, juice and pickles. There is a great variation in carrot color from light yellow to dark purple-black. Because of the dark purple-black color and the high anthocyanin content, Ereğli Siyahı cultivar is commonly used in the industry. However, Ereğli Siyahı has wide variation within its population. In this study, the difference among the phytochemical content of Ereğli Siyahı sampled grouped based on their interior color has been examined. Carrot roots grown in same field in Ereğli, Konya were sampled and collected. Marketable 700 roots were from Ereğli Siyahı were randomly sampled. Then, the roots were cut in half and separated 11 different groups (G) according to the interior color. Each group was homogenized in 4 replications and samples were prepared for analysis of phytochemicals. Results of the study showed that G7 had the highest phenolic content (1199.23 µg GAE/g fw) while G5 was the group that had the lowest phenolic content (516.54 µg GAE/g fw). Antioxidant capacity was determined using TEAC and FRAP methods. The highest TEAC (8.54 µg TE/g fw) and FRAP (15.52 µmol TE/g) were observed in G2. However, the lowest TEAC (2.09 µmol TE/g) and FRAP (1.62 µmol TE/g) were found in G5....
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