Substantial cultural variations should be considered in establishing marketing strategies around the world. This paper stresses several aspects. Initially, consumers' perceptions of variety differ from the actual variety provided by a manufacturer or retailer. Literature indicates that consumers' benefits and costs of perceived variety differ systematically across cultures. Current cultural theory suggests that they also encounter greater cognitive and emotional costs than individuals in collectivistic cultures when ultimately choosing. The objective of this paper is to point out specific implications. First, theories on variety perception have been discussed in order to highlight consumers' benefits and costs of variety. Second, an attempt is made to find out whether culture-oriented market has facilitated the successful acceptance of product by the consumers around the world or not.
The present study examines the relationship between FDI inflows and export performance in Bangladesh by considering the issue of structural breaks utilizing annual time-series data from 1972 to 2019. In the study, unit root tests were conducted without (ADF test and PP test) and with (ZA test and LP test) the presence of probable structural breaks in the dataset. A Johansen test of co-integration was employed to determine whether the variables were co-integrated. The VECM was used for determining the sources of causation and the directions of the causal relationships between the variables. Since all the variables were integrated of order one, I(1), with breaks (confirmed by ZA and LP unit root tests), a Johansen test of co-integration was applied to identify whether the variables were co-integrated. The results of the Johansen co-integration test confirmed that three variables (LRGDPGR, LRFDI, and LREX) have a long-run equilibrium relationship or cointegrating relation. Finally, the VECM suggests the evidence of a positive and unidirectional causal relation from REX to RFDI in Bangladesh. An important uniqueness of this study lies in its application of the methodological issues of incorporating structural breaks, which could have significant implications for investigating the said relationship.
Purpose. To study CO2 emissions through the use of renewable energy (RE) in the countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) region (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, and the Maldives) using the data between 2002 and 2020. Methodology. For the purpose of the study, panel estimation methods were employed including Pooled Mean Group (PMG), Mean Group (MG), and Dynamic Fixed-Effect (DFE). Findings. Hausman test confirms the efficiency of PMG estimation method compared to MG estimation method and DFE estimation method. The results of PMG indicate long-run relationships among the studied variables. Besides, the outcomes of PMG reveal the negative impact of RE on CO2 emissions in the long-run, while in the short-run, the study did not reveal the impact of RE on CO2 emissions. In the case of specific countries, the results show that RE features increased CO2 emissions in a country like Pakistan in the short-run, while RE decreases CO2 emissions in Bhutan, Nepal and Afghanistan in the short-run. Originality. The study found the impact of RE consumption on CO2 emissions in SAARS countries obtained for the first time in the terms of SAARS region. Practical value. The governments of the SAARC countries can use the results of the study attempting to decrease CO2 emissions.
Substantial cultural variations should be considered in establishing marketing strategies around the world. This paper stresses several aspects. Initially, consumers' perceptions of variety differ from the actual variety provided by a manufacturer or retailer. Literature indicates that consumers' benefits and costs of perceived variety differ systematically across cultures. Current cultural theory suggests that they also encounter greater cognitive and emotional costs than individuals in collectivistic cultures when ultimately choosing. The objective of this paper is to point out specific implications. First, theories on variety perception have been discussed in order to highlight consumers' benefits and costs of variety.Second, an attempt is made to find out whether culture-oriented market has facilitated the successful acceptance of product by the consumers around the world or not.
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