The aim of this work was to assess the effect of leaf thickness, leaf succulence (L S ), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf mass (W s ) and leaf water content (LWC) on chlorophyll (Chl) meter values in six Amazonian tree species (Carapa guianensis, Ceiba pentandra, Cynometra spruceana, Pithecolobium inaequale, Scleronema micranthum and Swietenia macrophylla). We also tested the accuracy of a general calibration equation to convert Minolta Chl meter (SPAD-502) readings into absolute Chl content. On average, SPAD values (x) increased with fresh leaf thickness (FLT [µm] = 153.9 + 0.98 x, r 2 = 0.06 ** ), dry leaf thickness (DLT [µm] = 49.50 + 1.28 x, r 2 = 0.16 ** ), specific leaf mass (W s [g (DM) m -2 ] = 6.73 + 1.31 x, r 2 = 0.43 ** ), and leaf succulence (L S [g(FM)] m -2 = 94.2 + 1.58 x, r 2 = 0.19 ** ). However, a negative relationship was found between SPAD values and either specific leaf area [SLA (m 2 kg -1 ) = 35.1 -0.37 x, r 2 = 0.38 ** ] or the leaf water content (LWC [%]= 80.0 -0.42 x, r 2 = 0.58 ** ). Leaf Chl contents predicted by the general calibration equation significantly differed (p<0.01) from those estimated by species-specific calibration equations. We conclude that to improve the accuracy of the SPAD-502 leaf thickness and LWC should be taken into account when calibration equations are to be obtained to convert SPAD values into absolute Chl content.

A bacia amazônica tem mais de seis milhões de quilômetros quadrados e abriga a maior floresta tropical do mundo, sendo particularmente importante pela sua biodiversidade e pelo seu papel na ciclagem de água e carbono. Fotossíntese, condutância estomática e fluxo de seiva de espécies florestais da Amazônia apresentam variação ao longo do dia seguindo a variação diurna observada na irradiância, temperatura e o déficit de pressão de vapor. Em decorrência da fotorrespiração, cerca de 25% do carbono fixado é retornado para a atmosfera. Os aumentos na concentração de CO2 na atmosfera previstos para as próximas décadas poderão apresentar efeito positivo na assimilação de carbono deste ecossistema florestal. Em comparação à época chuvosa, redução da umidade do solo e aumento no déficit de pressão de vapor (associado à baixa umidade do ar e alta temperatura) favorecem o fechamento dos estômatos em detrimento da fotossíntese. Desse modo, em comparação com a estação chuvosa, a fotossíntese líquida é menor no período seco. No geral, na Amazônia as árvores que atingem o dossel da floresta crescem a taxas maiores na época chuvosa. Exceto em anos de menor precipitação, o ecossistema florestal atua como sumidouro de carbono na época chuvosa. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar como e de que forma fatores específicos do ambiente físico influenciam a assimilação de carbono e o crescimento de árvores nos diversos grupos funcionais na Amazônia.

No abstract

Intra-annual distribution of precipitation in central Amazonia leads to a short mild dry season, which is associated with an increase in irradiance and temperature and a decline in relative humidity; however, the independent effect of each individual climatic variable on tree growth is still under investigation. The objective of this study was to determine how tree growth (inferred from radial stem increment) responds to monthly variations of micrometeorological variables in the central Amazon. During five years (2013-2017) we measured tree growth in 51 trees from nine species and, above the forest canopy, collected environmental data, such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature (T), precipitation, air relative humidity (RH), air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and soil water content (SWC). We used principal component regression to evaluate the effect of micrometeorological variability on tree growth. Mean tree growth across species was responsive to variations in almost all the micrometeorological variables examined, with the exception of mean and minimum temperature, maximum RH, and minimum VPD. Mean tree growth across species increased with increasing precipitation, RHmean, RHmin and SWC, while it decreased with increasing PAR, Tmax, and ETo. It was also shown that an increase in VPDmean and VPDmax has a negative effect on tree growth. These results contribute to improve our understanding of effect of climate variability on tree growth, and shed light on the potential effect of severe droughts in the central Amazon.

No abstract

RESUMOLight and soil water availability may limit carbon uptake of trees in tropical rainforests. The objective of this work was to determine how photosynthetic traits of juvenile trees respond to variations in rainfall seasonality, leaf nutrient content, and opening of the forest canopy. The correlation between leaf nutrient content and annual growth rate of saplings was also assessed. In a terra firme rainforest of the central Amazon, leaf nutrient content and gas exchange parameters were measured in five sapling tree species in the dry and rainy season of 2008. Sapling growth was measured in 2008 and 2009. Rainfall seasonality led to variations in soil water content, but it did not affect leaf gas exchange parameters. Subtle changes in the canopy opening affected CO 2 saturated photosynthesis (A pot , p = 0.04). Although A pot was affected by leaf nutrient content (as follows: P > Mg > Ca > N > K), the relative growth rate of saplings correlated solely with leaf P content (r = 0.52, p = 0.003). At present, reduction in soil water content during the dry season does not seem to be strong enough to cause any effect on photosynthesis of saplings in central Amazonia. This study shows that leaf P content is positively correlated with sapling growth in the central Amazon. Therefore, the positive effect of atmospheric CO 2 fertilization on long-term tree growth will depend on the ability of trees to absorb additional amount of P.Key words: canopy opening, mineral nutrition, potential nutrient use efficiency, rainfall seasonality. O crescimento de arvoretas correlaciona-se com a fotossíntese e teor de fósforo foliar na Amazônia central A disponibilidade de luz e o conteúdo de água do solo podem limitar a fixação de carbono de árvores em florestas tropicais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar como as características fotossintéticas de árvores juvenis (arvoretas) respondem às variações na sazonalidade das chuvas, teor de nutrientes da folha e a abertura do dossel da floresta. Avaliou-se também a correlação entre o crescimento anual das arvoretas e o teor de nutrientes na folha. Parâmetros de trocas gasosas e teor foliar de nutrientes foram mensurados, na estação seca e chuvosa de 2008, em cinco espécies de árvores numa floresta de terra-firme na Amazônia central. O crescimento anual das arvoretas foi mensurado em 2008 e 2009. A sazonalidade das chuvas causou variações na umidade do solo, mas não afetou os parâmetros de trocas gasosas. Mudanças sutis na abertura de dossel afetaram a fotossíntese saturada por CO 2 (A pot , p = 0.04). Embora A pot tenha sido afetado pelos teores de nutrientes da folha (nesta ordem: P > Mg > Ca > N > K), a taxa de crescimento relativo das arvoretas correlacionou-se apenas com o conteúdo de P foliar (r = 0.52, p = 176 Ricardo Antonio Marenco et al. Ricardo Antonio

Introduction: Climatic variables show a seasonal pattern in the central Amazon, but the intra-annual variability effect on tree growth is still unclear. For variables such as relative humidity (RH) and air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whose individual effects on tree growth can be underestimated, we hypothesize that such influences can be detected by removing the effect of collinearity between regressors. Objective: This study aimed to determine the collinearity-free effect of climatic variability on tree growth in the central Amazon. Methods: Monthly radial growth was measured in 325 trees from January 2013 to December 2017. Irradiance, air temperature, rainfall, RH, and VPD data were also recorded. Principal Component Regression was used to assess the effect of micrometeorological variability on tree growth over time. For comparison, standard Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was also used for data analysis. Results: Tree growth increased with increasing rainfall and relative humidity, but it decreased with rising maximum VPD, irradiance, and maximum temperature. Therefore, trees grew more slowly during the dry season, when irradiance, temperature and VPD were higher. Micrometeorological variability did not affect tree growth when MLR was applied. These findings indicate that ignoring the correlation between climatic variables can lead to imprecise results. Conclusions: A novelty of this study is to demonstrate the orthogonal effect of maximum VPD and minimum relative humidity on tree growth.

Background:The distribution of precipitation in the Amazon region is changing in last decades, but it is uncertain if transpiration will decrease in response to changes in rainfall distribution. In this study we aimed to assess the effect of climatic variability on whole-tree transpiration (inferred from sap flow measurements). We collected climate data (precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation -PAR, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit -VPD, and temperature) and measured sap flow rates (SFR) in trees of Swartzia tomentifera. The SFR was measured in the dry season and wet season using the heat ratio method.Results: Sap velocity was positively correlated with PAR and temperature, with partial correlation (rpart) of 0.33 to 0.57 (p < 0.001) during daytime, while at night rpart varied from 0.15 to 0.21 (p < 0.001). When the effects of PAR and temperature were controlled (i.e. after removing the effect of PAR and temperature on sap velocity and VPD), the net effect of VPD on sap velocity became slightly negative (rpart of -0.08 to -0.14, p < 0.01) during daytime. Maximum sap velocities were lower during the dry season (5.9 cm h -1 ) than in the wet season (9.8 cm h -1 , p < 0.001). Conclusion:This study shows that tree transpiration can decrease in the dry season in the central Amazon, associated with an increase in temperature, PAR and vapor pressure deficit. A novelty of this study is to demonstrate that after adjusting for the effect of temperature and PAR, the effect of vapor pressure deficit on sap velocity can become negative. .