Brassinosteroids (BRs) act as immune-modulators for generating plant growth and development. It regulated either activation or suppression of various key enzymatic reactions, activation of synthesis of protein, and generation of various defense modulating compounds for the plant kingdom. BRs play a vital role in regulating cellular differentiation, pollen development, fruit ripening, and quality seed formation. BRs regulates the various physiological process including root growth during nutrient deficiency such as nitrogen, phosphorus, boron and tends to signal the nutrient distribution in the rhizosphere level for better growth and high yield in crop plants. This review highlighted the role of BRs in plant growth and development and stress response, understanding the BR pathway, the molecular mechanism of BR signaling in various tissues, crosstalk between BRs and other phytohormones, gene involves in the brassinosteroids signaling pathway, biosynthesis and role of BRs in biomass production and crop yield.
The flowering and fruiting of individual mango plant under high density planting is comparatively low. Among different strategies evolved, paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate application is effective not only in flower induction but also in early and offseason flower production in mango. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate on the vegetative growth, nutrient mobilisation to leaves, flowering and fruit yield of Amrapali mango (Mangifera indica L.) plants grown under different plant spacings at Horticultural Research Station, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 24 treatment combinations and 2 replications. The treatment combinations consist of four levels of spacings (2.0 x 2.0 m, 4.0 x 2.0 m, 4.0 x 4.0 m, 8.0 x 2.0 m) and 6 levels of chemical treatments (Paclobutrazol@0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g a.i. per meter of canopy spread and KNO3@ 2% and 4%) and a control with water application. The results of the study revealed that the plants spaced at 2.0 x 2.0 m recorded minimum vegetative growth except plant height and maximum yield (t/ha) in comparison to the plant spacing of 4.0 x 2.0 m, 4.0 x 4.0 m, 8.0 x 2.0 m. Among chemical treatments paclobutrazol irrespective of its concentration significantly reduced vegetative growth, increase flowering intensity and yield. There was a reduction in leaf N, P and K contents and increase in total leaf chlorophyll content in the plants treated with Paclobutrazol. Higher concentration of Paclobutrazol (0.75 g a.i.) reduced the yield. Whereas KNO3 increase the vegetative growth, leaf biochemical status, flowering intensity and yield. But the increase in yield of mango plant due to Paclobutrazol treatment @ 0.50 g a.i. and 0.25 g a.i. was significantly higher than KNO3 at both the applied concentration. Hence, soil drenching of paclobutrazol at 0.50 g a.i. per meter of canopy spread irrespective of plant spacing during September seems recommendable for regulating tree size and enhancing yield in mango cv. Amrapali planted under higher densities. The productivity of Amrapali mango plant can be improved through application of flower inducer like PBZ and KNO3.
Flowering is the first of several events that lay the foundation for mango production every year. The temperatures below 15°C readily promote floral induction. Decrease in temperature below 20 0C is common in sub-tropical regions but seldom occurs in many tropical ones. So, an alternative strategy for optimum flower initiation under tropical condition is essentially required for increasing the productivity of plant. Among different strategies evolved, paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate application is effective not only in flower induction but also in early and offseason flower production in mango. Hence, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate on the flowering, fruit yield and quality of Amrapali mango (Mangifera indica L.) plants grown under different plant spacings at Horticultural Research Station, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 24 treatment combinations and 2 replications. The treatment combinations consist of four levels of spacings (2.0 x 2.0 m, 4.0 x 2.0 m, 4.0 x 4.0 m, 8.0 x 2.0 m) and 6 levels of chemical treatments (Paclobutrazol@0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g a.i. per meter of canopy spread and KNO3@ 2% and 4%) and a control with water application. The results revealed that plants spaced at 4.0 x 4.0 m with application of paclobutrazol 0.50 g a.i. recorded maximum flowering intensity (82.48%), fruit set percentage (6.47%) and yield (11.12 kg/tree). Whereas the fruit quality parameters like TSS, acidity, reducing sugar, total sugar, ß carotene content are not significantly influenced by either due to plant spacing or flower inducer such as paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate.
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