Penultimate and last instar larvae of the common citrus swallowtail butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera), were treated with different doses of a novel juvenoid, diofenolan. Several deformities were observed as a result of topical administration of diofenolan which include delay in larval-larval and larval-pupal ecdysis, ecdysial failure, mortality, severe reduction in pupation, deformed pupae and complete inhibition of adult emergence. The juvenoid diofenolan severely hampers the normal growth, development and metamorphosis of P. demoleus and can be incorporated into integrated pest management programs for successful control of this important pest of citrus all over the world.
Novel phenoxy derivative Juvenile Hormone Analogs (JHAs) -pyriproxyfen and diofenolan were used to evaluate their efficacy against last instar larvae of polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura. Sixth instar day 1-3 old larvae were treated with different doses of pyriproxyfen and diofenolan. The JHAs disrupted the growth, development, molting and metamorphosis in S . l it u ra t r e a t e d l a r v a e. B o t h t he J H A spyriproxyfen and diofenolan were found to be equally potent in their effects. The larval duration was prolonged apart from inducing several malformations. They effectively controlled the polyphagous pest S. litura by inducing mortality, ecdysial failure, production of larval -pupal mosaics, reduced pupation, production of abnormal pupae, complete suppression of normal adult emergence and production of deformed non-viable adultoids. Being stable, posing minimal threat to non-target organisms including fish and birds, beneficial insects and safe to environment and humans, both these JHAs can be judicially incorporated into IPM programs along with other bio-rational methods for the successful control of polyphagous pest S. litura.
Freshly emerged virgin female Sarcophaga ruficornis were topically treated with different doses of pyriproxyfen to test the efficacy on reproduction and subsequent F1 progeny. The results included mortality of the treated adults, significant reduction in fecundity, more than 90% inhibition in larvae production, mortality in F1 generation during larval instars, reduction in pupariation, and adult emergence and production of deformed adults. There was a dose-dependent response showing high degree of correlation in the doses administered and deformities observed. The effects in F1 generation show that an intraovarial transfer of pyriproxyfen was responsible for the various deformations observed, showing the potency of juvenoid pyriproxyfen for longer durations across generations. This is the first study that clearly demonstrates the efficacy of pyriproxyfen against reproduction in S. ruficornis and its potential for the management of this notorious pest of medico-veterinary importance.
The blow fly Chrysomya megacephala is a serious medico-veterinary pest causing myiasis in humans and animals apart from transmitting various disease-causing pathogens. Being an economically important pest, it warrants successful control in the early stages without affecting the host, environment, and non-target organisms. Juvenoids being safe, species and stage selective, biodegradable, and harmless to beneficial non-target organisms. Treatment of freshly laid eggs of C. megacephala with juvenoids pyriproxyfen and diofenolan (50 and 100 μg/cm(2)) by contact method for 1-60 min severely derailed the embryogenesis and postembryonic development. The results included the following: reduced eclosion, dead, non-viable eggs, undeveloped embryos of various stages, and fully developed embryos entrapped in chorion and unable to eclose. Several latent effects of juvenoids were also observed like larval mortality in the first instar, abnormal pupariation, reduced normal pupariation, formation of pupal-adult mosaics, suppression of adult emergence, and emergence of only deformed adults. Diofenolan was found to be more potent than pyriproxyfen in suppressing embryogenesis. These results show that the juvenoids pyriproxyfen and diofenolan have the potential to be judiciously used along with other bio-rational methods for the successful control of C. megacephala.
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