By miniaturizing the reactor dimension, microfluidic devices are attracting world attention and starting the microfluidic era, especially in the chemistry field because they offer great advantages such as rapid processes, small amount of the required reagents, low risk, ease and accurate control, portable and possibility of online monitoring. Because of that, microfluidic devices have been massively investigated and applied for the real application of human life. This review summarizes the up-to-date microfluidic research works including continuous-flow, droplet-based, open-system, paper-based and digital microfluidic devices. The brief fabrication technique of those microfluidic devices, as well as their potential application for particles separation, solvent extraction, nanoparticle fabrication, qualitative and quantitative analysis, environmental monitoring, drug delivery, biochemical assay and so on, are discussed. Recent perspectives of the microfluidics as a lab-on-chip or micro total analysis system device and organ-on-chip are also introduced.
In this work, we reported a comparative study on the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract from different parts of Moringa oleifera plant, i.e. leaves, twigs, stem barks, and woods. The phytochemical content of each extract was screened through qualitative analysis and followed by quantitative analysis for the determination of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The results showed that different parts of Moringa oleifera plant would give different extracted natural products. Either leaf or twig part of Moringa oleifera contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, polyphenols, proteins, amino acids, and phenolics. Meanwhile, only flavonoids, carbohydrates, and phenolics were found in the aqueous extract of the wood part of Moringa oleifera. In agreement to the phytochemical assay, the aqueous extract of leaf part of Moringa oleifera gave the highest total phenolic content (684 ± 16.7 µg GAE mL-1) and the highest flavonoid content (514 ± 26.1 µg CE mL-1) than other parts. Consequently, the leaf extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (64.6 ± 0.69%) which is close to the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid (71.7 ± 0.56%) as the positive control. This finding is critical for the utilization of Moringa oleifera leaf part as the most potent source of antioxidant agents in the future.
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