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Curcumin, a low molecular weight, lipophilic, major yellow natural polyphenolic, and the most well-known plant-derived compound, is extracted from the rhizomes of the turmeric (Curcuma longa) plant. Curcumin has been demonstrated as an effective therapeutic agent in traditional medicine for the treatment and prevention of different diseases. It has also shown a wide range of biological and pharmacological effects in drug delivery, and has actively been used for the treatment of aging-associated diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, ocular diseases, osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney diseases, chronic inflammation and infection. The functional application and therapeutic potential of curcumin in the treatment of aging-associated diseases is well documented in the literature. This review article focuses mainly on the potential role of plant-derived natural compounds such as curcumin, their mechanism of action and recent advances in the treatment of aging-associated diseases. Moreover, the review briefly recaps on the recent progress made in the preparation of nanocurcumins and their therapeutic potential in clinical research for the treatment of aging-associated diseases.

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Background and ObjectivesAmong many of the different complications that diabetic patients suffer, foot ulcers are the most challenging, and in many cases result in non‐traumatic lower limb amputation and permanent disability. To alleviate this burden, new interventions such as photobiomodulation (PBM) have been utilized. However, the cellular pathways affected by PBM have not yet been fully recognized. The differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts forms a vital part of wound healing and is often impaired under diabetic conditions. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of PBM at 660 nm on the transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)/Smad pathway and the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWS1 fibroblasts were treated with PBM using a wavelength of 660 nm at a fluence of 5 J/cm2 in normal, normal wounded, diabetic, and diabetic wounded models. Post‐irradiation cellular responses were observed at 24, 48, and 72 hours to ascertain morphological changes and cell viability, and the expression of fibroblast differentiation markers (Thy‐1 or CD90, extra domain A fibronectin or EDA‐FN and α‐smooth muscle actin or α‐SMA), TGF‐β1, phosphorylated (p)TGF‐β receptor 1 (R1), and p‐Smad2/3.ResultsThere was a significant increase in cell viability in all irradiated cell models, and no real significant changes in TGF‐β1, pTGF‐β1R1, and p‐Smad2/3. As incubation time post‐irradiation increased, Thy‐1 (CD90) decreased, while EDA‐FN and α‐SMA increased in wounded models.ConclusionsPBM at 660 nm with 5 J/cm2 was successful in stimulating the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in diabetic wounded cells, which was independent of the TGF‐β1/Smad pathway. Fibroblast transition into myofibroblasts is vital to wound healing, failure of which results in impaired healing; PBM is able to foster such a transition. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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