Over the last few years, Pharmacokinetics has emerged as an integral part of drug development, especially when identifying a drug's biological properties. Understanding of pharmacokinetic and metabolism characteristic of the drug compounds is needed in designing appropriate human clinical trials. This document describes the basic principles of pharmacokinetic studies necessary for the submission of a new drug application and for re-examination of approved drugs.

Stem cells likely play key roles in the repair of diverse injuries or disorders in body. Recent advances in biotechnology and regenerative medicine brought a revolutionary change in the practice of medicine. Advancements in stem cell biology, including embryonic and postnatal somatic stem cells, have made the prospect of tissue regeneration a potential clinical reality. Absolute concept for the use of stem cells in bone disorders has been centered on the strategies for reconstructing segmental regions of the skeleton, lost to trauma or surgery, and in muscle diseases, to provide normal population of cells in order to replace defective tissue.

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Over the past few decades, major advances in the field of molecular biology, coupled with advances in genomic technologies, have led to an explosive growth in biological information generated by the scientific community. Biological databases are libraries of life sciences information, collected from scientific experiments, published literature, high-throughput experiment technology, and computational analyses. Information contained in biological databases includes gene function, structure, localization, clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences and structures. This article presents information on some popular bioinformatic databases available online, including sequence, phylogenetic, structure and pathway, and microarray databases.

The main objective of cancer therapy is to prop up the death of cancer cells without any damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Our knowledge of molecular changes in cancer cells has enhanced the development of various therapeutic strategies to treat cancer cells. Now we are in an ideal position to utilize our knowledge of cancer cell biology in the designing of novel cancer therapies. This review is to highlight various specific and selective approaches (Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Surgery, Biological therapy) to understand its modality and current progress in cancer treatment.

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Antibiotics are an efficient means of treating bacterial infections. They help in the reduction of mortality and morbidity. Discovery of antibiotic has created a new epoch where infectious diseases have been put to an end. But the organisms have developed resistance during the course of evolution due to mutations. The major problem which is being faced is the treating of infectious diseases caused by microbes which have developed resistance. The antibiotic resistance is being carried by the organisms due to acquisition of resistance genes to next generations by horizontal gene transfer. The present review is focused on what are the various mechanisms adopted by the organisms against antibiotics and new techniques involved in treating the infectious diseases and methods to overcome the antibiotic resistance.