Gravity Probe B, launched 20 April 2004, is a space experiment testing two fundamental predictions of Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR), the geodetic and frame-dragging effects, by means of cryogenic gyroscopes in Earth orbit. Data collection started 28 August 2004 and ended 14 August 2005. Analysis of the data from all four gyroscopes results in a geodetic drift rate of -6601.8±18.3  mas/yr and a frame-dragging drift rate of -37.2±7.2  mas/yr, to be compared with the GR predictions of -6606.1  mas/yr and -39.2  mas/yr, respectively ("mas" is milliarcsecond; 1  mas=4.848×10(-9)  rad).

Gravity probe B (GP-B) was designed to measure the geodetic and frame dragging precessions of gyroscopes in the near field of the Earth using a drag-free satellite in a 642 km polar orbit. Four electrostatically suspended cryogenic gyroscopes were designed to measure the precession of the local inertial frame of reference with a disturbance drift of about 0.1 marc sec/yr-0.2 marc sec/yr. A number of unexpected gyro disturbance effects were observed during the mission: spin-speed and polhode damping, misalignment and roll-polhode resonance torques, forces acting on the gyroscopes, and anomalies in the measurement of the gyro potentials. We show that all these effects except possibly polhode damping can be accounted for by electrostatic patch potentials on both the gyro rotors and the gyro housing suspension and ground-plane electrodes. We express the rotor and housing patch potentials as expansions in spherical harmonics Y(l,m)(θ,φ). Our analysis demonstrates that these disturbance effects are approximated by a power spectrum for the coefficients of the spherical harmonics of the form V(0)(2)/l(r) with V(0) ≈ 100 mV and r ≈ 1.7.

Abstract.The UV-LED mission demonstrates the precise control of the potential of electrically isolated test masses that is essential for the operation of space accelerometers and drag-free sensors. Accelerometers and drag-free sensors were and remain at the core of geodesy, aeronomy and precision navigation missions as well as gravitational science experiments and gravitational wave observatories. Charge management using photoelectrons generated by the 254nm UV line of Hg was first demonstrated on Gravity Probe B and is presently part of the LISA Pathfinder technology demonstration. The UV-LED mission and prior ground testing demonstrates that AlGaN UVLEDs operating at 255 nm are superior to Mercury vapor lamps because of their smaller size, lower power draw, higher dynamic range, and higher control authority. We show flight data from a small satellite mission on a Saudi Satellite that demonstrates AC charge control (UV-LEDs and bias are AC modulated with adjustable relative phase) between a spherical test mass and its housing. The result of the mission is to bring the UV-LED device Technology Readiness Level (TRL) to TRL-9 and the charge management system to TRL-7. We demonstrate the ability to control the test mass potential on an 89 mm diameter spherical test mass over a 20 mm gap in a drag-free system configuration. The test mass potential was measured with an ultra-high impedance contact probe. Finally, the key electrical and optical characteristics of the UV-LEDs showed less than 7.5% change in performance after 12 months in orbit.

LISA and the next generation of space-based laser interferometers require gravitational reference sensors (GRS) to provide distance measurements to picometre precision for LISA, and femtometre precision for the proposed Big Bang Observatory (BBO). We describe a stand-alone GRS structure that has the benefits of higher sensitivity and ease of fabrication. The proposed GRS structure enables high precision interferometric links in threedimensional directions. The GRS housing provides the optical reference surface onto which the transmitted laser beam, and the independent received laser beam are referenced. The stand-alone GRS allows balanced optical probing of the distance of the proof mass relative to the housing at a power and wavelength that differ from the transmitted and received wavelengths and with picometre sensitivity without radiation pressure imbalance. The single parameter that reduces proof mass disturbance forces is the gap spacing. Optical readout allows the use of a large gap between the GRS housing and proof mass. We propose using rf-modulated optical interferometry to measure both relative displacement and absolute distance. Further we propose to use a reflective grating beamsplitter within the GRS and on the external optical bench. The reflective grating design eliminates the in-path transmissive optical components and the dn/dT related optical path effects, and simplifies the optical bench structure. Inside the GRS, a near-Littrow mounted grating enables picometre precision measurement at microwatts of optical power. Preliminary experimental results using a grating beamsplitter interferometer are presented, which demonstrate an optical sensing sensitivity of 30 pm Hz −1/2 .

This is the first of five connected papers detailing progress on the Gravity Probe B (GP-B) Relativity Mission. GP-B, launched 20 April 2004, is a landmark physics experiment in space to test two fundamental predictions of Einstein's general relativity theory, the geodetic and frame-dragging effects, by means of cryogenic gyroscopes in Earth orbit. Data collection began 28 August 2004 and science operations were completed 29 September 2005. The data analysis has proven deeper than expected as a result of two mutually reinforcing complications in gyroscope performance: (1) a changing polhode path affecting the calibration of the gyroscope scale factor C g against the aberration of starlight and (2) two larger than expected manifestations of a Newtonian gyro torque due to patch potentials on the rotor and housing. In earlier papers, we reported two methods, 'geometric' and 'algebraic', for identifying and removing the first Newtonian effect ('misalignment torque'), and also a preliminary method of treating the second ('roll-polhode resonance torque'). Central to the progress in both torque modeling and C g determination has been an extended effort on "Trapped Flux Mapping" commenced in November 2006. A turning point came in August 2008 when it became possible to include a detailed history of the resonance torques into the computation. The East-West (frame-dragging) effect is now plainly visible in the processed data. The current statistical uncertainty from an analysis of 155 days of data is 5.4 marc-s/yr (∼ 14% of the predicted effect), though it must be emphasized that this is a preliminary result requiring rigorous investigation of systematics by methods discussed in the accompanying paper by Muhlfelder et al. A covariance analysis incorporating models of the patch effect torques indicates that a 3-5% determination of frame-dragging is possible with more complete, computationally intensive data analysis.