Aim: To evaluate the factors behind primary and secondary infertility in females through diagnostic laparoscopy. Study design: Cross sectional study Place and duration: This study was conducted at Bilawal Medical College Kotri Hospital/Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, Pakistan from June 2019 to July 2020 Methodology: The present study is a cross sectional study conducted at at Bilawal Medical College Kotri Hospital/Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, Pakistan from June 2019 to July 2020. A total of 115 females were included in the study and they all underwent diagnostic laparoscopy after setting strict inclusion criteria. Data was recorded on proforma and analyzed on IBM SPSS version 22. Primary and secondary infertility frequency was calculated and analyzed. Result: A total of 115 infertile women were considered in the study and results were recorded after performing diagnostic laparoscopy on all of the participants. Total 74 (64.35%) had primary infertility and 41 (35.65%) reported secondary infertility. Total 19 (25.67%) participants of primary infertility and 5 (12.19%) participants with secondary infertility showed no abnormality. The most common abnormality found was tubal blockage in 17 (22.97%) women of primary infertility and 13 (31.70%) women of secondary infertility. Total 11 (14.86%) patients of primary infertility were diagnosed with polycystic ovaries (PCO). PCO was absent in patients with secondary infertility. Total 9 (12.16%) cases of primary infertility and 5 (12.19%) cases of secondary infertility were diagnosed with Endometriosis. Total 2 (2.7%) cases of primary infertility and 7 (17.07%) participants with secondary infertility presented with Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID). A total of 6 (8.10%) cases having primary infertility were observed with periovarian adhesions and Peritubal adhesions, whereas, 9 (21.95%) cases of secondary infertility were seen with these issues. Conclusion: Tubal occlusion, periovarian adhesions, peritubular adhesions, and endometriosis were the most common factors behind infertility in both primary and secondary infertility. Ovarian cyst and polycystic ovarian disease were only present in patients with primary infertility. Keywords: Diagnostic Laparoscopy, Primary infertility tubal occlusion, Secondary infertility
Aim: To determine the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in sexually active women Study design: Cross sectional study Place and duration: This study was conducted at Muhammad Medical Collage Mirpurkhas, Pakistan. From Jan 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 120 sexually active women. Factors that can influence its infestation such as age, occupation, number of sexual partners, and education of the participant were also studied. A detailed history and symptoms were recorded on the proforma. Clinical examination of the participants was done to assess the signs in the genital tract. Following the standard protocol, two swabs from the posterior fornix of each patient were collected. The wet mount technique and culture of the swabs were carried out in the laboratory. The IBM SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 120 participants were chosen after evaluating them on the basis of inclusion criteria and only 9 (7.5%) participants were detected with Trichomonas infestation. The mean age of the patients were 31±10.5 years ranging from 18 to 60 years. All of the infected participants were married and had one sexual partner. All of them had clinical symptoms. There was a positive association of Trichomonas Vaginalis infection and education, occupation, clinical symptoms, and marriage. Conclusion: In our study the prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis infection was low. However, there were certain factors that were influential on the infection promotion. Keywords: Trichomonas Vaginalis, infection, prevalence, Trichomoniasis, women
Aim: To determine the prevalence of anemia in rural pregnant patients and its relationship with education and birth spacing. Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and duration: This study was conducted at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from August 2019 to August 2020 Methodology: Total 450 pregnant ladies visited the OBS/Gyne department at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi, Pakistan for a check-up, treatment, and follow-u were included. The percentage of hemoglobin was used to determine the diagnosis of anemia. The SPSS program version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. The Chi-Square test was used to look into the association between the variables. Result: Out of 450 subjects, we found that 291 pregnant ladies were anemic. We found that 64.66 % of the population suffers from anemia. 43.98 % (n=128) of the cases had mild, 30.92 % (n=90) had moderate, and 25.08 % (n=73) had severe anemia. Total 13.74% (n=40) females were under 20 years of age. Women aged 20 to 25 years old made up 52.92 % (n=154). It has been discovered that there is a link between age and the severity of anemia. (P0.001) (X2=25.68). The degree of anemia in pregnant women is linked to their educational level and the spacing of their births. (P<0.001) Conclusion: Anemia is common among pregnant women visiting Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. Low birth spacing and a lack of education are also linked to severity of anemia. Keywords: Anemia, Pregnancy, Birth Spacing, Pakistan
Background: The diagnosis and prognosis of patients with breast cancer is routinely carried out with biopsy of growth by H&E staining but it is not commonly practice with various immunomarkers including HER2/neu. However HER2/neu association in breast tumour patients with prognosis has not been studied much, so this study is aim to evaluate the frequency of HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor) amplification and its effects over prognosis among the patients with breast cancer.Methods: After ethical approval, retrospective observational study was conducted from October 2014 to September 2017. All operated patients with biopsy proven breast cancer, the patients having any stage of disease, with sufficient data present in hospital record and patients who received neo-adjuvant chemo-therapy/radio-therapy were included. Patients unfit for surgery due to co-morbidities like cardio renal diseases and patients having insufficient hospital record or who missed follow-ups were excluded. SPSS version 20.0 was used for data analysis for data analysis with qualitative data presented as frequency and percentages.Results: A Total 120 patients, 48(40%) had HER-2/ neu positive. Among the HER2 +ve patients, 17(35.4%) had local recurrence within 03 years while 21(43.7%) cases had distant recurrence. The disease free survival rate in 03 years was observed in 22(45.83%) out of 48 HER2 +ve cases.Conclusions: Study reveals 40% patients had HER-2/neu positive expression and was associated with poor outcomes and disease free survival time period in comparison to patient with HER-2/ neu negative.
Aim: The goal of this study was to determine the role of vitamin D supplements in preventing pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. Study design: Randomized controlled trial Place and duration: This study was conducted at District health quarters hospital Jamshoro @kotri /Bilawal Medical College hospital Kotri, Pakistan from March 2020 to March 2021. Methodology: Pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 35 years with a single pregnancy, normal blood pressure, and a gestational period of 24 ± 1 week were enrolled and were allocated into 2 groups that is group A and B. Vitamin D was not given to Group A. Group B, the study group members received vitamin D 25,000 IU orally (Cap OPT-D) every two weeks for up to 36 weeks, regardless of vitamin D status. Women were visited every two weeks for prenatal checkups during the follow-up phase (28th to 36th week) to investigate any signs or symptoms of pre-eclampsia. Results: In both groups, no significant difference has been observed in mean age (P=0.57), gestational age (P=0.48), and Body Mass Index (P=0.81). At 28 ± 1 weeks, all female's blood pressure was normal. At 36 weeks, 24.44% (n=11) of women in group A (control group) had blood pressure greater than 140/90mm, compared to only 6.66 % (n=3) of women in group B (study group). There was a significant difference (X2= 5.41, P=0.019). Conclusion: This study concluded that pregnant females who take vitamin D supplements have low chances of pre-eclampsia. Keywords: Deficiency, Hypertension, Pregnancy, Pre-Eclampsia, Supplement, Vitamin D
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