The summit of Lamyatt Beacon was totally excavated. The earliest structure was a Romano-Celtic temple, built in the late third century, in use into the early fifth century, and of square plan with two annexes on the east side. To the south was a sunken-room. Finds from related features and from looting of the site included many votive objects. Probably of later date than the temple were a small building to the north and a cemetery of at least sixteen burials, aligned east-west with heads to the west.
Department of the Environment revealed an extensive Iron Age settlement and traces of widespread Roman agricultural and industrial activity at Wakerley, Northamptonshire (FIG. 2). The settlement was situated in Wakerley parish, immediately to the south of the road running between the villages of Wakerley and Harringworth and nine miles north-northeast of Corby 3 (FIG. 3). It was sited on sloping ground, overlooking the valley of the River Welland, and some \ mile from the river itself. From the site there are extensive views of the river valley to the north and west and of the hills and dales of Rutland that lie beyond. A deep natural gully occurs in the hillside, just to the west of the settlement and, as a result, the site is in an open position and fully exposed to the westerly winds. The settlement was located between the 250 and 300 ft. contours on a wide expanse of Lower Lincolnshire Limestone. Clays of the Lower Estuarine Series and outcrops of Northampton Sand and Ironstone occur on the lower slopes of the valley below the site and in the adjacent gully to the west. It is likely that a convenient supply of water would have been available in this gully in earlier periods, but this has been piped away in modern times. Some 150 m to the southwest , on the opposite side of the gully, an Anglo-Saxon cemetery was excavated by D. A. Jackson during 1968 and 1970 (report forthcoming). A small number of burials of Saxon date were found within the area of the excavation described below. Further to the southwest , some 600 m from the Iron Age and Roman site, the stone foundations of a Roman aisled barn, measuring 30 by 14 m, have also been excavated. The barn overlay earlier buildings and it is hoped that further work on this site will be possible in the future. Extensive quarrying southwest of the settlement has revealed isolated Iron 1 T. M. Ambrose has described the small finds and shared in the general preparation of this report. 2 A. L. Pacitto directed the excavation of an unusual concentration of iron-smelting furnaces, and his report is incorporated in the section on iron-working. P. J. Woods (with the assistance of R. E. Turland) excavated the three Romano-British pottery kilns and has described the results in this report. With the help of R. E. Turland he also carried out all the post-excavation work on the Romano-British pottery and has described and discussed the pottery in relation to the site as a whole. Grateful thanks are due to Miss S. A. Butcher for her report on the brooches and to Alison Cook for her report on the Anglo-Saxon grave-goods. Mr L. Biek and Dr R. F. Tylecote contributed to the section on iron-working, and thanks are due to them for visiting the site and making valuable suggestions during the excavations. Other specialist contributions are gratefully acknowledged from F.
This work presents the first major analysis of brooches from Roman sites in Britain since the pioneering work of M R Hull in the 1950s and 1960s and is the first to study the material using metallurgical analysis in addition to traditional typological methods. The analytical data for the brooches is available via the Archaeology Data Service: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/68fiche/index.cfm
Excavations on the western half of Insula XXII revealed remains of a forum and basilica of late Hadrianic date. They succeeded a first-century occupation of possibly military character. The forum was renovated during the third century, and the southwest corner extensively repaired at the beginning of the fourth century. The whole structure was apparently destroyed by fire not earlier than the third quarter of the fourth century, but quite possibly much later. * The writers are greatly indebted to the Editor, Professor S. S. Frere, for his help in many ways. Part IV, in particular, owes much to his advice on many points of interpretation. Prof. Frere also kindly undertook the great burden of unifying two separate reports for publication, which involved much recasting of the original texts. Responsibility for the views expressed naturally remains with the authors. They also thank Mr. R. Goodburn for redrawing FIGS, I and 2. 1 JRSxVa. (1959), 113-14. 2 The NGR of the centre of the insula is SK 583045.
No abstract
Zoomorphic and proto-zoomorphic pins from Traprain Law 6 2. Irish proto-zoomorphic pins 7 3. Terminals showing development of zoomorphic form 8 4. Zoomorphic pins 10 5. Latchets and antler trial piece and details taken from numbered brooches . 20 6. Antler trial piece and details taken from numbered brooches 2 I 7. Details from Battersea shield, horn-cap, the Cork horns, proto-handpin, terret, and some variations on a basic motif, suggested by the horn-cap, taken from numbered brooches 23 8. Map showing distribution of brooches of the Initial Form, and also zoomorphic and proto-zoomorphic pins 35 g. Distribution: Group A 1 brooches . 40 PROLOGUET HIS is the story of a long line of brooches, all differing one from the other, yet made in accordance with the requirements of a single underlying motif, the zoomorphic motif. The component features of this motif are head, snout, eyes and ears, hence its name of zoomorphic. Because the brooches are penannular in form, and their terminals are fashioned in accordance with the above requirements, they are termed zoomorphic penannular brooches. These brooches are wholly distinct from any other form, and because of that they deserve consideration on their own merits. They are many in number, and generally they fill the gap between the early little types with bent-back terminals and the exotic productions of the eighth century and later.Forty years ago an attempt was made at devising an evolutionary sequence for penannular brooches with zoomorphic terminals. 1 The attempt was not entirely successful, and in the ensuing years critical appraisals have been published. Charges of eccentric thinking, even of partisanship, have been made. To this serious worker, the suggestion of partisanship is abhorrent. But unproductive criticism often receives general assent; this may therefore be an opportune moment in which to get the record into perspective once more, in the light of additional experience and a healthy increase in the numbers now known.Even the term zoomorphic has been questioned. 2 Critical appraisal of a term in long use is hardly appropriate. The exercise has added nothing to what was already known about the brooches, which collectively add up to a very distinctive class. That very distinction, their zoomorphic character, marks them out for special consideration. If the term zoomorphic is thought not to be entirely satisfactory (as some would have it), it is nevertheless an inherited term, one that is universally understood, and for that reason it should be allowed continued use. Nobody has yet come forward with a better term.Not that the critics are agreed amongst themselves. Amongst the welter of criticism one or two points emerge as being entirely acceptable. A common criticism is one directed to the inclusion in the 1937 paper of a type of brooch with simple bent-back terminals, 3 crude in its utter simplicity, and produced in numbers in the first century A.D. Forty years ago it looked like being the initial form for which everybody was searching, but now this is seen...
To cite this article: S. A. Butcher (1987) Iron Age and Roman Brooches: a second selection from the author's collection.
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