HighlightsThere is a general lack of psychometric assessments on existing ageism scales.None of the available ageism scales have both adequate scope and psychometric validity.Current estimates of ageism incidence and prevalence may not be accurate.
The links between loneliness and overall morbidity and mortality are well known, and this has profound implications for quality of life and health and welfare budgets. Most studies have been cross-sectional allowing for conclusions on correlates of loneliness, but more recently, some longitudinal studies have revealed also micro-level predictors of loneliness. Since the majority of studies focused on one country, conclusions on macro-level drivers of loneliness are scarce. This chapter examines the impact of micro- and macro-level drivers of loneliness and loneliness change in 11 European countries. The chapter draws on longitudinal data from 2013 and 2015 from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), combined with macro-level data from additional sources. The multivariable analysis revealed the persistence of loneliness over time, which is a challenge for service providers and policy makers. Based on this cross-national and longitudinal study we observed that micro-level drivers known from previous research (such as gender, health and partnership status, frequency of contact with children), and changes therein had more impact on loneliness and change therein than macro-level drivers such as risk of poverty, risk of social deprivation, level of safety in the neighbourhood.
RDF validation is a field where the Semantic Web community is currently focusing attention. Besides, there is a recent trend to migrate data from different sources to semantic web formats. Therefore, in order to facilitate this transformation, we propose: a set of mappings that can be used to convert from XML Schema to Shape Expressions (ShEx), a prototype that implements a subset of the proposed mappings, an example application to obtain a ShEx schema from an XML Schema and a discussion on conversion implications of non-deterministic schemata. We demonstrate that an XML and its corresponding XML Schema are still valid when converted to their RDF and ShEx counterparts. This conversion, along with the development of other format mappings, could drive to an improvement of data interoperability due to the reduction of the technological gap.
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