Helicobacter pylori is a worldwide spread bacterium, that invades the submucosal membrane of the stomach via feco-oral or feco-fecal transmission, causing several gastric and duodenal diseases. The study aims to assess risk factors for the symptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection and their epidemiological distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 in Baquba, Iraq. It was conducted on a sample of outpatient patients who complain of various symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, where the sample size was 194 patients, their ages ranged from 15 to 70 years, the main characteristics taken up in the study included age, sex, and place of residence, smoking status. H. pylori infection was recognized by identifying anti-H. Pylori (IgG) in patient serum using the ELISA technique. Chi-squared and Binomial tests were adopted to assess the difference between study variables. The study shows that the highest rate of infection was among patients aged 15-30 years (45.7%), most patients were females (66.3%), and the majority of them (68.5%) were rural dwellers. In conclusion, younger ages, female gender, rural dwellers, non-smokers, and those who complained of stomach pain were significantly associated with the helicobacter pylori infection.
One of the most important dilemmas that faced patients and medical staff in the past in health institutions is a hospital infection, and it continues at present. Nosocomial infections are caused by almost all organisms but are mostly caused by bacteria, and the species Acinetobacter baumannii is of clinical importance as. It is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections in most regions of the world. These species are characterized by their ability to grow with a wide temperature range between 15- 44 °C, causing common clinical multiples including Hospital-acquired pneumonia, Meningitis. Nosocomial, post-neurosurgical, and bloodstream infections. World Health Organization (WHO) has identified a group of twelve “significant” pathogenic including carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii as the supreme severe pathogens. The universal spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major universal problems in the twenty-first century. This evaluated that by the year 2050, an infection caused via resistant strains will result in three hundred million diseases. Relevant efforts must be combined to avoid complications caused by the universal spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains.
Helicobacter pylori is a worldwide spread bacterium, that invades the submucosal membrane of the stomach via feco-oral or feco-fecal transmission, causing several gastric and duodenal diseases. The study aims to assess risk factors for the symptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection and their epidemiological distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 in Baquba, Iraq. It was conducted on a sample of outpatient patients who complain of various symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, where the sample size was 194 patients, their ages ranged from 15 to 70 years, the main characteristics taken up in the study included age, sex, and place of residence, smoking status. H. pylori infection was recognized by identifying anti-H. Pylori (IgG) in patient serum using the ELISA technique. Chi-squared and Binomial tests were adopted to assess the difference between study variables. The study shows that the highest rate of infection was among patients aged 15-30 years (45.7%), most patients were females (66.3%), and the majority of them (68.5%) were rural dwellers. In conclusion, younger ages, female gender, rural dwellers, non-smokers, and those who complained of stomach pain were significantly associated with the helicobacter pylori infection.
Background: Self-medication is the use of drugs and painkillers by many people with therapeutic or preventive intent without prior professional advice or prescribed by a physician, including adults to treat their selfrecognized diseases and symptoms.Objectives: Determine the rate of self-medication practice among university students and determine the most common area to be selfmedicated and the most common drug group for self-medication.Subjects and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study of a random sample of students attending two branches of college of science (biology and chemistry) from the period of 10th December 2018 to 15 th April 2019 through purposive sampling technique to collect responses from students using structured questionnaire which was divided into many sections including demographic details of research participants, history of taking medication to treat a health problem without a prescription at the last month, the reasons of self-medication practice. Sample size was 220 university students. All data were entered on Microsoft Excel 2010, and managed and analyzed on SPSS version 19. The means and standard deviations were calculated and both t-test and chi-square tests were used to identify the associations between variables. The confidence level was set at 95%, and the p value of less than 0.05 was the limit value of significance. Result:The rate of practicing self-medication was significantly higher among studied university students and it accounted for (64.1%). And it was significantly higher in females (62.4%) than males (37.6%). Most of the self-medications (59.6%) were practiced for the pains originating from head and neck. The vast majority of students (80.9%) significantly were using analgesics and antipyretic, and most of them (71.6%) were practicing it at any time during the year. Conclusion:The study concluded that the rate of self-medication among university students was at the high level, the self-medication was practiced anytime during the year and the use of analgesics was significantly dominant among other drug groups.
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