Objective:Smoking is detrimental to gingival and periodontal health. It has been reported to produce changes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow, but the cumulative effects of smoking on GCF have not been studied till date. The present study was designed to discover and evaluate transitional dynamics, if any, in GCF flow just immediately before and after smoking.Materials and Methods:The study comprised age- and gender-matched 20 male subjects. Half of the study population was constituted by non-smokers who comprised the control group and the remaining half of the study population was chronic smokers constituting the test group. The GCF samples were collected using the micropipettes before smoking, immediately after, and 10 min after smoking for the test group and during similar timings for the control group.Results and Conclusion:The study reveals an overall low GCF volume in smokers than in non-smokers. More interestingly, a transitional decrease immediately after smoking is followed by a marked increase in GCF volume 10 min after smoking.

A waiting period of two weeks after osteotomy increases the surrounding tissue activity to its maximum level as collagen formation and neo-angiogenesis represents a relaxed and acceptable implant bed configuration. In this case delayed implant placement protocol and conventional implant placement was followed with immediate function of esthetics, phonetics and comfort with implant restoration in the esthetic zone with minimal invasive approach. Early osteotomy with delayed implant placement showed lesser bone resorption and higher success rates than conventional implant placement.

Gingival bleeding is a hallmark of chronic periodontal disease; it is likely that the bacteria associated with this disease may produce a low level bacteraemia over extended time periods and the periodontal bacteria enter the bloodstream and travel to major organs like the heart. Microbial infections associated with periodontal disease contribute to cardiovascular disease via transient bacteraemia. Inflammatory and immunological mechanisms which may link periodontal infection and athermanous diseases may be numerous and diverse, potentially involving various cellular and molecular components, direct effects of bacteremia and indirect effects of periodontal tissue inflammation.

No abstract