Smoking swings of gingival crevicular fluid secretion

Abstract

Objective:Smoking is detrimental to gingival and periodontal health. It has been reported to produce changes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow, but the cumulative effects of smoking on GCF have not been studied till date. The present study was designed to discover and evaluate transitional dynamics, if any, in GCF flow just immediately before and after smoking.Materials and Methods:The study comprised age- and gender-matched 20 male subjects. Half of the study population was constituted by non-smokers who comprised the control group and the remaining half of the study population was chronic smokers constituting the test group. The GCF samples were collected using the micropipettes before smoking, immediately after, and 10 min after smoking for the test group and during similar timings for the control group.Results and Conclusion:The study reveals an overall low GCF volume in smokers than in non-smokers. More interestingly, a transitional decrease immediately after smoking is followed by a marked increase in GCF volume 10 min after smoking.

Assessment of heat provocation tests on the human gingiva: the effect of periodontal disease and smoking

“…In our study the blood flow recovered slower after heat stress in smokers from the similar MAX values and contrary to the non-smokers heat decreased relative pulse amplitude, furthermore correlation of blood flow parameters with GCF were diminished. However, the lower range of GCF values in our smoking subjects might be the reason for our findings as the GCF could be reduced by smoking per se both in healthy and inflammated periodontal tissue comparing to the respective non-smokers group (31,46,57). This suggests that smoking may suppress the symptoms of inflammation (12).…”

Effect of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Volume in Smokers

“…The periodontal probing depth and attachment loss were higher in smokers compared to non smokers [3] . Smoking tends to mask gingival inflammation by causing constriction of blood vessels of the gingiva [20,21,22] Smoking decreases oxygen tension in the gingival tissues.…”

“…Gingival crevicular fluid is a fluid present in the sulcus or periodontal pocket between the surface of the tooth and the gingival epithelium [3] . Gingival crevicular fluid is a transudate as well as inflammatory exudates, produced by osmotic gradient containing low protein content.…”

Periodontal disease related to oxidative stress

“…In the study of Garg N. et al, 2006, in smokers, the analysed parameters such as LP, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and total thiol showed increased OS proportionally related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day (21). Nicotine affects gingival blood flow, cytokine production, neutrophil and other immune cell function, as well as connective tissue turnover, all of which can be responsible for overall effects on periodontal tissues (22,23). Furthermore, involvement of salivary differed histamine and increased salivary calcium in smokers exacerbates PD (24,25).…”