a b s t r a c tOpencast mining carried out in the natural forests of Indonesia has resulted in difficulty of reforestation due to soil removal. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can increase growth of tree species in disturbed fields. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inoculating three native AM fungi on the growth of Albizia saman and Paraserianthes falcataria in a nursery and a post-opencast coal mine field. Seeds of A. saman and P. falcataria were inoculated with three native AM fungi, Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora decipiens, and Scutellospora sp., and sown in sterilized compost under nursery conditions for six months. Non-inoculated seeds were used as control. Inoculated seedlings were transplanted in a post-opencast coal mine field and grown for seven months. AM colonization, shoot nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentration, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight were measured both in the nursery and in the field. AM colonization was 3-82% under nursery conditions and increased shoot P content and dry weight. Stem diameter, shoot N content, shoot P content, shoot dry weight, and survival rate under field conditions were higher in inoculated seedlings than in control seven months after transplanting. The results suggest that inoculating tree species with AM fungi promotes reforestation of post-opencast coal mine field.
Forest over logging, forest fire, forest conversion, and opencast mining have promoted deforestation in Indonesia, and reforestation is needed immediately. However, reforestation is limited by low seedling quality and production, and slow seedling growth in nurseries. Native tropical tree and fast-growing species,Mallotus paniculatusandAlbizia saman, are potential to promote the first rotation of reforestation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to promote nutrient uptake and plant growth. We examined the effects of two native AM fungi,Gigaspora decipiensandGlomus clarum, on the growth ofM. paniculatusandA. samanseedlings under nursery conditions. At harvest, after six months, we determined AM colonization, shoot dry weight, and shoot N and P concentration. Approximately 90% and 50% ofM. paniculatusandA. samanroots, respectively, were colonized by AM fungi, without any difference between the inoculation treatments.G. decipiensandG. clarumincreased shoot height, leaf number, shoot dry weight, and shoot N and P uptake of both species. A positive correlation was observed between N and P uptake and shoot dry weight. These results suggest that AM fungi are effective in accelerating nutrient uptake and plant growth, which will, in turn, promote reforestation and sustainable forest timber production.
Coal mining activities in Indonesia have a negative impact on the environment. Some vegetations are disturbed even be lost especially in mining with open mine operation. Revegetation is one of activities that can improve the quality of post mining land, which are also included in post mining land reclamation activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the biodiversity of flora in post-coal mining revegetation area and to compare the condition of vegetation in various revegetation age classes with the condition of vegetation in natural forest. Vegetation data were collected using the plotted line method in natural forest and plot method with the systematic sampling method with random start (revegetation area). The analysis found that overall conditions of revegetation area have more diverse number of species, namely 52 species woody plant species, and 23 herbaceous plant species, compared to the natural forest, which only has 46 woody plant species and 2 herbaceous plant species. Generally, diversity index and species increment in vegetation area at age more than 4 years is higher and approaching the state of natural forest than revegetation area age 0 - 2 years.
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