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a b s t r a c tOpencast mining carried out in the natural forests of Indonesia has resulted in difficulty of reforestation due to soil removal. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can increase growth of tree species in disturbed fields. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inoculating three native AM fungi on the growth of Albizia saman and Paraserianthes falcataria in a nursery and a post-opencast coal mine field. Seeds of A. saman and P. falcataria were inoculated with three native AM fungi, Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora decipiens, and Scutellospora sp., and sown in sterilized compost under nursery conditions for six months. Non-inoculated seeds were used as control. Inoculated seedlings were transplanted in a post-opencast coal mine field and grown for seven months. AM colonization, shoot nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentration, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight were measured both in the nursery and in the field. AM colonization was 3-82% under nursery conditions and increased shoot P content and dry weight. Stem diameter, shoot N content, shoot P content, shoot dry weight, and survival rate under field conditions were higher in inoculated seedlings than in control seven months after transplanting. The results suggest that inoculating tree species with AM fungi promotes reforestation of post-opencast coal mine field.

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Forest over logging, forest fire, forest conversion, and opencast mining have promoted deforestation in Indonesia, and reforestation is needed immediately. However, reforestation is limited by low seedling quality and production, and slow seedling growth in nurseries. Native tropical tree and fast-growing species,Mallotus paniculatusandAlbizia saman, are potential to promote the first rotation of reforestation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to promote nutrient uptake and plant growth. We examined the effects of two native AM fungi,Gigaspora decipiensandGlomus clarum, on the growth ofM. paniculatusandA. samanseedlings under nursery conditions. At harvest, after six months, we determined AM colonization, shoot dry weight, and shoot N and P concentration. Approximately 90% and 50% ofM. paniculatusandA. samanroots, respectively, were colonized by AM fungi, without any difference between the inoculation treatments.G. decipiensandG. clarumincreased shoot height, leaf number, shoot dry weight, and shoot N and P uptake of both species. A positive correlation was observed between N and P uptake and shoot dry weight. These results suggest that AM fungi are effective in accelerating nutrient uptake and plant growth, which will, in turn, promote reforestation and sustainable forest timber production.

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Abstract.Openly tropical tin mining in Bangka Island Indonesia expose heavy metal that had been buried became a part of our environment and life. This has become a major cause of land degradation and severe local-global environmental damages. This study aims to accelerate reconsolidation of degraded ecosystems on the former tin mine land, to increase land productivity and dignified environment through appropriate rehabilitation technology on marginal land that is inexpensive, environmentally friendly and sustainable. This study is a part of a roadmap research activities on the rehabilitation of degraded land in tropical ecosystem, that consist of (a) characterization of degraded tin mining lands through the determination of chemistry, physics, biology and mineral soil properties, (b) introducing multi-function pioneers plant for acceleration of peak pioneer plant in the reestablishment of degraded tin mining ecosystem (c) management of natural soil amendment (volcanic ash, organic waste materials and legume cover crop as a material for soil amelioration to increase land productivity, (d) role of biotechnology through the application of local bio-fertilizer (mycorrhizae, phosphate soluble bacteria, rhizobium). Soil from post tropical tin mining acid soil (pH 4.97) that dominated by sand particles (88%) with very low cation exchange capacity, very low nutrient contents (available and total-N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and high toxicity of Zn, Cu, B, Cd and Ti, but still have low toxicity of Al, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, As. Soil amendment of biogas and volcanic ash could improve soil quality by increasing of better pH, high available-P and cation exchange capacity and maintained their low toxicity. The growth (high, diameter, biomass, top-root ratio) of exotic pioneer plant of Kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma) increased in the better soil quality that caused by application of proper soil amendment. The grand concept and appropriate technology for rehabilitation of degraded tin-mining land ecosystems in tropical regions which are the lungs of the world have a high contribution for development of our dignified and sustainable environment and life.

Eruption of Merapi volcano caused accumulation of lahar materials that led to extensive land degradation. This research was to study the population of pioneer plants and their correlation with endomycorrhiza population at different land qualities after Merapi eruption. Samples of soil, pioneer plants, and endomycorrhiza were collected from Merapi volcano, 1 year after eruption, using stratified sampling method based on plant densities, with the following categories: dense vegetation, moderately dense vegetation, sparse vegetation, and control (bare land), with 3 replications for each category. Pioneer plants and endomycorrhiza were identified. Plant biomass, soil pH, total-C,-N, and exchangeable-K,-Ca,-Mg,-Fe were analyzed. The abundance of pioneer plants and their interaction with mycorrhiza was strongly correlated with depth of eruption material, quantity of sandy texture, soil pH, total-C and total-N, exchangeable-K, exchangeable-Ca, exchangeable-Mg, and exchangeable-Fe. Among the 12 identified pioneer plants, only Acacia villosa, Fiurena ciliaris, and Bidens pilosa were recommended as plantremediator to improve soil chemical, physical and biological properties. Among the 3 genera of endomycorrhiza (Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus), only Acaulospora was recommended to be a biological agent to rehabilitate sandy soil area. This research indicated that adaptive pioneer plants and endomycorrhiza were likely to be suitable for biological agents to stimulate recovery of degraded land through improvement of physical, chemical, and biological properties, that will stimulate plant growth and biodiversity.