The purpose of this research was to prepare spray-dried mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal delivery. Microspheres composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (H), chitosan (CS), carbopol 934P (CP) and various combinations of these mucoadhesive polymers, and maltodextrin (M), colloidal silicon dioxide (A), and propylene glycol (P) as filler and shaper, were prepared by spray-drying technique. Using propranolol HCl as a model drug, microspheres were prepared at loadings exceeding 80% and yields between 24% and 74%. Bulky, free flowing microspheres that had median particle size between 15 and 23 μm were obtained. Their zeta potential was according to the charge of polymer. Adhesion time of mucoadhesive microspheres on isolated pig intestine was ranked, CS 9 CP: H 9 CP 9 H, while the rank order of swelling was CP 9 CS 9 H. Increasing the amount of CP in CP:H formulations increased the percentage of swelling. Infrared (IR) spectra showed no interaction between excipients used except CS with acetic acid. The release of drug from CP and CP:H microspheres was slower than the release from H and CS microspheres, correlated to their viscosity and swelling. Long lag time from the CP microspheres could be shortened when combined with H. The permeation of drug through nasal cell monolayer corresponded to their release profiles. These microspheres affected the integrity of tight junctions, relative to their swelling and charge of polymer. Cell viability was not affected except from CS microspheres, but recovery could be obtained. In conclusion, spray-dried microspheres of H, CS, CP, and CP:H could be prepared to deliver drug through nasal cell monolayer via the opening of tight junction without cell damaging.
OBJECTIVE: Grammatophyllum speciosum is utilized to treat sore throats and bronchitis In Thai folk medicine. This study evaluated the in vitro activity and clinical efficacy of a G. speciosum pseudobulb decoction. METHODS: Measure of in vitro anti-ageing activity was performed using non-cell based assays as well as in CRL 2097 human fibroblast cells. A prophetic patch test method was used to determine skin irritation in 24 healthy Thai volunteers. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 24 subjects for 56 days after facial application to evaluate efficacy. The results were measured with Visioface â and Cutometer â MPA 580 as well as by visual observations. RESULTS: The total content of the antioxidant polyphenols in G. speciosum ethanolic extract (GSE) was 48.19 AE 0.39 mg EGCG equivalent per gram. The GSE possessed potent and higher antielastase activity more than EGCG. The extract was able to protect human fibroblasts against superoxide anion-induced cell death at the concentration of 10 µg mL À1 . In a clinical study, facial application of the serum containing 0.5% GSE was found to safely increase skin distensibility in healthy volunteers. Skin viscoelasticity and wrinkle volume were also significantly reduced (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Thus, both the in vitro and the clinical studies have illustrated the anti-wrinkle/anti-ageing benefits of GSE on human skin. 10 lg ml -1 . Dans une etude clinique, l'application sur le visage d'un s erum contenant 0,5 % du GSE a permis d'augmenter la distensibilit e de la peau chez des volontaires sains en toute s ecurit e. La visco elasticit e de la peau et le volume des rides ont egalement et e significativement r eduits (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ainsi, les etudes in vitro tout comme les etudes cliniques ont illustr e les b en efices antirides/anti-âge du GSE sur la peau humaine.
Grammatophyllum speciosum is a plant in Orchidaceae family which contains a variety of phytochemical compounds that might be beneficial for medicinal use. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of pseudobulb of G. speciosum extract (GSE) in wound healing processes in human primary fibroblast cells along with in vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of GSE. Scratch wound healing assay indicated that GSE was capable of increasing migration rate after 6 and 9 hours of treatment. Besides, the extract was able to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion radicals indicating the antioxidative property of GSE. This study suggested a novel role of the of pseudobulb extract of G. speciosum as a wound healing enhancer. The results from this study might be beneficial for the development of further novel active compounds for skin wound healing.
A number of studies have reported that a small subpopulation of tumour cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of self-renewal and multipotency. CSCs are a key cause of cancer development, aggressiveness and chemotherapy resistance. [1][2][3][4] They can be recognised by stem cell markers such as CD133 and ALDH1A1. 5,6 CSCs also overexpress genes, including Oct-4 and
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