Reliable data transfer seems a quite challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) in comparison with Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks due to the peculiar attributes of UWSN communication. However, the reliable data transmission in UWSN is very limited. Yet, there is a way to achieve reliable data transfer metrics through the design of routing protocols by considering the exceptional features of UWSN communications. With this aim, we propose two schemes with multiple sinks-based network architecture: Anchor Nodes assisted Cluster-based Routing Protocol (ANCRP) to achieve reliable data transfer metrics and Void Handling technique in ANCRP (VH-ANCRP) to cope with the local maximum nodes. For which, the network space is divided into small cubes to form clusters. Then, each cube is assigned with an anchor node as a cluster head (CH). All cluster heads are supposed to be anchored at the centroid of a cube via a string, while source nodes are randomly distributed. In ANCRP, the source nodes are liable to send the sensed data to their designated CH. The CH transmits the sensed data to the next-hop CH and continues this procedure till the successful delivery of the data packets at the surface sinks. In VH-ANCRP, a void handling technique of making the ad-hoc CH is used by the void nodes to reconnect with the network operations. We perform extensive simulations in NS3 to validate our schemes. The simulation outcomes expel that both proposed schemes have improved the network performance when compared with the baseline schemes. INDEX TERMS Underwater wireless sensor networks, reliable data transfer, routing protocol, anchor nodes, clustering technique, void handling. I. INTRODUCTION Currently, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are gaining pivotal considerations in both industrial and academia sector because of their wide and comprehensive implementation areas, such as resource exploration, navigation assisting, military surveillance, calamity preventions, etc. [1]. The underwater WSNs also assist in finding the unexplored underwater resources and aquatic data collection with the help of different computational intelligence approaches [2]. The underwater wireless sensor nodes are supposed to be deployed sparsely from surface-layer to seabedlayer for fetching the data from the underwater harsh environments by using an acoustic modem [3], [4]. Underwater communication through optical signals is not feasible due to absorption loss and rapid attenuation. Thus, underwater communication is carried out in acoustic signals [5]. The
With the advent of the latest sensing technologies, agricultural tasks can be performed so quickly andadequately and termed Smart agriculture. In this paper, a system based on sensor networks has been designed tomonitor agricultural parameters wirelessly. The proposed system has been deployed in a Wheat field. The aim of this workis to increase the quality and productivity of the Wheat crops and minimize the extensive field visits of the farmers. Thissystem enables precision agriculture by periodically measuring the three most key parameters (temperature, light, andwater level) for achieving a remarkable increase in quality, productivity and growth of the Wheat crops. Thus, this systemhelps the agriculturists, landowners and research experts to monitor these parameters at the base station without goingto the field site. A GUI tool is also designed to display the measured data and stored it in the database accordingly. Whiledesigning this system; IRIS mote, MDA100 data acquisition board, and MIB520 USB interface board are employed. Weuse TinyOS operating system for the development of codes for wireless nodes and the GUI tool is designed in MicrosoftVisual Studio. ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and direct topology are used for the communication of nodes with the basestation.
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