In this paper, a high energy density vanadium redox battery employing a 3 M vanadium electrolyte is reported. To stabilise the highly supersaturated vanadium solutions, several additives were evaluated as possible stabilizing agents for the thermal precipitation of supersaturated V(V) solutions at elevated temperatures. The Blank 3 M V(V) solution in a sulfuric acid supporting electrolyte containing 5 M total sulfates, showed thermal precipitation after 3 days, while the solution containing 1 wt% H 3 PO 4 additive increased the induction time for precipitation to over 47 days at 30 • C. After 32 days, 3 M V(V) solutions containing 1 wt% sodium pentapoIyphosphate, 1 wt% K 3 PO 4 and 2 wt% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 1 wt% H 3 PO 4 showed final V(V) concentrations of 2.7, 2.7 and 2.6 M respectively, compared to 2.4 M V(V) in the Blank solution. From the screening tests, selected additives were used in vanadium redox flow cell cycling studies employing a 3 M vanadium electrolyte. The cell was subjected to 90 charge-discharge cycles and no precipitation or capacity loss was observed in the presence of 1wt% H 3 PO 4 + 2 wt% ammonium sulfate. These results demonstrate that a significant enhancement in the energy density of the VRB can be achieved in the presence of additives that act as precipitation inhibitors for the vanadium ions. The UNSW All-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has been attracting considerable commercial interest in recent years, with several companies currently manufacturing VRB systems in Japan, USA, Austria and China. Although its energy density is relatively low compared to Li-ion batteries, the VRB offers excellent cycle life, energy efficiency and reasonable costs for storage capacities greater than 4 hours, making it ideal for large-scale energy storage in a range of stationary applications. [1][2][3][4][5] Efforts to increase the energy density of the vanadium redox flow battery have included the use of a mixed halide electrolyte in the case of the vanadium bromide redox battery developed by Skyllas-Kazacos and co-workers in Australia 6 and a mixed HCl-H 2 SO 4 supporting electrolyte as proposed by researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratories in the USA. 7 In both cases however, the use of HCl and/or HBr in the electrolytes introduces the risk of acid, chlorine or bromine vapors at elevated temperatures or during overcharge, and therefore restricts the operating state-ofcharge range of the batteries, while also presenting a potential safety hazard.In contrast to both the VBr and mixed acid vanadium chemistries, the original UNSW All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery employs sulfuric acid as the supporting electrolyte, so any overcharge reactions produce oxygen gas at the positive electrode, making it a much safe system. Current VRB systems employ solutions of between 1.6 and 2 M vanadium ions in sulfuric acid with total sulfate concentrations ranging between 4 and 5 M and utilise the V(II)/V(III) and V(IV)/V(V) couples in the negative and positive half-cell electrolytes respectively. Increasing...

Introduction: The home context is considered a good location for children with cerebral palsy to practise meaningful occupations. The aim of this critical review was to gain a deeper understanding of how bimanual therapy and modified constraint induced movement therapy or constraint induced movement therapy methods are used within occupational therapy home programmes from an occupational perspective. Method: A literature search was conducted using electronic databases for health research; five studies met the inclusion criteria. These were critically appraised and were analysed according to the relevant supports and barriers of the person-environmentoccupation conceptual model of practice. Findings: Family collaboration, strategic use of outcome measures, construction of the programme within the home environment and occupation-focused goals and activities emerged as commonly used methods. Enhanced descriptions of intervention context, the child's voice in defining goals and challenges in optimising occupational balance surfaced as gaps in the programmes. Conclusion: The methods used in implementing these approaches within occupational therapy home programmes requires combining motor and non-motor approaches, core occupational therapy skills, working within individual contexts and valuing family preferences. Using child-specific goal-setting instruments would strengthen the child's voice and promote participation within a wider range of occupations.

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A recent development in psychiatric rehabilitation is the identification and standardization of evidence-based practices (EBP). In this article we report on the implementation of one of the EBPs, Illness Management and Recovery (IMR), in a group format in two settings and cultures, Israel and the United States (North Carolina) to address generic issues of implementation that arise across settings. The unique characteristics of the group format, ways in which they can be both enriching and challenging, and the importance of considering local cultural influences when using a standardized EBP are discussed.

Introduction Evidence-based occupational therapy home programmes for children with unilateral cerebral palsy have demonstrated efficacy; however, uptake into routine practice is varied. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the therapist-perceived supports and barriers to using occupational therapy home programmes for children with unilateral cerebral palsy, based on evidence of best practice in the United Kingdom. Method Fourteen occupational therapists completed semi-structured telephone interviews. Using a qualitative framework analysis approach, support and barrier factors were indexed against the Theoretical Domains Framework, before being categorised more broadly using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour Model. Findings Common supports included: (a) strong leadership within the team to facilitate the translation of occupational therapy home programmes and evidence-based interventions into service-specific protocols; (b) knowledge exchange within professional networks and (c) mentorship. Common barriers included: (a) lack of resources; (b) restricted opportunities to review occupational therapy home programmes and (c) difficulties keeping up-to-date with the evidence in this area. Conclusion To be effective, occupational therapy home programmes need to be based on evidence of best practice; analysis indicated an urgent need to capture outcomes, record parental practice, further integrate ‘occupation’ within goal-setting, and develop use of conceptual models of practice to both enhance family-centred care and articulate the profession’s unique contribution.

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