Background: Radiofrequency technology has emerged as a treatment for aesthetic rejuvenation.Objective: To examine radiofrequency for facial and neck rejuvenation, clinical studies were assessed on effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency for acne, acne scars, and facial aging by subjective and objective measures. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed. Eligibility criteria included articles in English, primary literature, clinical or ex vivo studies, use of radiofrequency, and face or neck treatment. Ablative techniques, home-use devices, combined modalities, and studies unrelated to rejuvenation were excluded. All studies were appraised for quality and biases. Results: We identified 121 articles. Radiofrequency effectively treated acne by reducing sebum levels and lesion count and improving acne scars. Radiofrequency demonstrated a volumetric reduction in facial fat, and improved skin laxity, elasticity, and global skin aesthetic. Patient satisfaction was higher for those desiring modest rejuvenation. There were histological changes consistent with repair response, neocollagenesis, and neoelastinogenesis. Radiofrequency was safe apart from one patient who developed a neck fistula. Conclusion: Most studies demonstrated radiofrequency treatment of acne, scars, or facial rhytids had positive subjective improvement ratings. Objective studies demonstrated reduction of acne, decreased scarring, lifting effect, improvement in elasticity and collagen, volumetric fat changes, and wrinkle reduction.

Alkbh1 is a mammalian homolog of the Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme AlkB, an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase that removes alkyl lesions from DNA bases. The human homolog ALKBH1 has been associated with six different enzymatic activities including DNA, mRNA, or tRNA hydroxylation, cleavage at abasic (AP) sites in DNA, as well as demethylation of histones. The reported cellular roles of this protein reflect the diverse enzymatic activities and include direct DNA repair, tRNA modification, and histone modification. We demonstrate that ALKBH1 produced in mammalian cells (ALKBH1) is similar to the protein produced in bacteria (ALKBH1) with regard to its mA demethylase and AP lyase activities. In addition, we find that ALKBH1 forms a covalent adduct with the 5' product of the lyase product in a manner analogous to ALKBH1. Localization and subcellular fractionation studies with the endogenous protein in two human cell strains confirm that ALKBH1 is primarily in the mitochondria. Two strains of CRISPR/Cas9-created ALKBH1-deficient HEK293 cells showed increases in mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial dysfunction as revealed by growth measurements and citrate synthase activity assays.

Sexism and microaggressions against females in the medical field are well-known occurrences. Although there is extensive research on the prevalence and effects of these microaggressions in residency and clinical practice, little research has been done at the level of medical students. 1,2 Medical schools are now composed of > 50% female students; however, gender discrepancies remain in clinical practice, and sexism during medical school training is likely a contributing factor. 3 The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency, nature, and psychological impact of sexist microaggressions against female medical students and relate findings to specialty preferences.