There are a number of important problems in contemporary museum finance, and this article identifies yet another possible difficulty. An aggregate statistical measure of museum attendance is calculated in this research and the attendance measure is shown to be countercyclical in nature. When set against federal and other allocations to museums, which are clearly pro-cyclical in nature, an attendance "disease" may be at least tentatively identified. Efficiency criteria, of course, require that costs are covered in real time. We find, however, that, despite the likelihood that museum attendance is income-elastic and a normal good, attendance varies countercyclically with the business cycle. We suggest that one possible explanation for this phenomenon is that a positive substitution effect on demand outweighs the income effect on demand for museum attendance over the cycle. From a policymaking perspective, these results call for a longer range planning horizon, that is, one that includes the full business cycle rather than just the financial year, as is the current U.S. government practice.
This article mainly examines the effect(s) of legal drug misuse on work absenteeism, which has a connecting influence to work productivity. Also, the analysis compares the effects of legal drug use (e.g., tranquilizers) on work absences to that of a commonly used, but illegal drug, marijuana. Utilizing a large dataset from the NSDUH (National Survey on Drug Use and Health), and controlling for several demographic and labor market-related variables, our results indicate that legal drug use (for nonmedical reasons) leads to an increase in work absenteeism, as does marijuana. In some instances, legal drug use has a greater effect on work absenteeism that does marijuana.
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