The higher levels of intracellular ROS and DNA fragmentation in the semen samples of unexplained infertile couples and their causes might be considered as an important factor related to diagnosis and treatment of the unexplained infertile couples.

In recent years, advances in cancer treatment have improved the survival rate of cancer patients significantly. However, destructive damage to ovaries due to the therapies or cancer itself can cause different degrees of infertility in women of reproductive age that can affect their quality of life seriously. In this study, fertility cryopreservation options for female cancer patients in oncology guidelines were reviewed. Cryopreservation methods have a long history in reproductive biology and oncology. However, embryo and oocyte cryopreservation were the eligible restoration strategies in clinical oncology practice. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) is the latest option recommended for fertility preservation in pre-pubertal and adult patients who cannot delay their treatment or in whom taking IVF hormones may have adverse effects on their cancer. Reports show that frozen-thawed ovarian tissue transplantation has led to more than 130 live births so far in patients, most of whom were cancer patients. Although OTC is indeed generally recognized as an investigational method, it is recommended in some important guidelines, such as ASCO 2018. Therefore, based on many clinical pieces of evidence , it is predicted that the investigational label will soon be removed, and OTC might be considered as one of the main fertility preservation options for female cancer patients in clinical oncology practice.

This paper deals with unrelated parallel machines scheduling problem with sequence dependent setup times under fully fuzzy environment to minimize total weighted fuzzy earliness and tardiness penalties, which belongs to NP-hard class. Due to inherent uncertainty in Processing times, setup times and due dates of jobs, they are considered here with triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers in order to take into account the unpredictability of parameters in practical settings. Although this study is not the first one to study on fuzzy parallel machines scheduling problem, it advances this area of research in three fields: (1) it selects a fuzzy environment to cover the whole area of the considered problem not just part of it, and also, it chooses an appropriate fuzzy method based on an in-depth investigation of the effect of spread of fuzziness on the variables; (2) It introduces a mathematical programming model for the addressed problem as an exact method; and (3) due to NP-hardness of the problem, it develops an existing algorithm in the literature for the considered problem through extensive simulated experiments and statistical tests on the same benchmark problem test by proposing a genetic algorithm (GA) and a modified simulated annealing (SA) methods to solve this hard combinatorial optimization problem. The result shows the superiority of our modified SA.