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Are simple strokes unique to the artist or designer who renders them? If so, can this idea be used to identify authorship or to classify artistic drawings? Also, could training methods be devised to develop particular styles? To answer these questions, we propose the Stroke Authorship Recognition (SAR) approach, a novel method that distinguishes the authorship of 2D digitized drawings. SAR converts a drawing into a histogram of stroke attributes that is discriminative of authorship. We provide extensive classification experiments on a large variety of data sets, which validate SAR's ability to distinguish unique authorship of artists and designers. We also demonstrate the usefulness of SAR in several applications including the detection of fraudulent sketches, the training and monitoring of artists in learning a particular new style and the first quantitative way to measure the quality of automatic sketch synthesis tools.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sildenafil a CYP3A4 substrate and inhibitor on the pharmacokinetics and safety of saxagliptin. Methods Eighteen healthy volunteers were recruited in sequential; single-center study to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of saxagliptin and sildenafil, and (AUC0-∞), (AUC0-t); Cmax; tmax; t½, ke; ka were measured using validated LC–MS/MS method. Therapeutic doses were given as follows: Sildenafil 50 mg single dose on day one, then washout period from day two till day eight. Saxagliptin 5 mg once/day was given from day 9 till day 12; then on day 13, the two drugs were co-administered. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected on days 1 and 13 for sildenafil and on days 12 and 13 for saxagliptin. Results Saxagliptin ratios of T/R and 90% CI were 132.1% (122.7–142.3) for AUC0–t, and 167.6% (154.6–181.8) for Cmax. On the other hand, sildenafil pharmacokinetics were not affected. Gmax changed from 93.7 mg/dl to 95.6 mg/dl (P > 0.001) and AUCg0-t from 512.8 ng.h/ml to 532.75 ng.h/ml (P > 0.001) after co-administration of both drugs. Conclusion Sildenafil significantly affected the pharmacokinetic parameters of saxagliptin when co-administered. Registration This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov under identifier number: [NCT04170790] in November 2019.

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