Ceramics sugar jars pieces are, from morphological point of view, conical containers of fired clay with a hole in the vertex, which were used to sugar cane pulp maturation into sugar cake. These ceramic materials were produced in Aveiro given the existence of local raw material. Also, this occurrence of geological deposits exploited for red clays allowed the local development of strong pottery production center, transforming the city of Aveiro into one of the major Portuguese cultural heritage sites very rich in traditional ceramic tiles (azulejos) and other ceramic products. After local manufacture, the ceramic sugar jars pieces were exported as sugar production devices for Madeira island, Cape Verde archipelago and later, for Brazil. Also, these materials were found in buildings construction. So, this work focuses on the characterization of ceramic sugar jars produced in Aveiro and its construction use comparing with properties of other ceramics, justifying their preference for export to several countries of the world.
Addition of pozzolanic materials increases the mechanical characteristics of construction materials and contributes towards a higher durability. Metakaolin is an artifical pozzolan obtained by calcination of kaolinitic clays at an adequate temperature. Geopolymers are inorganic materials from mineral origin, composed of a precursor, an alkaline activator and a solvent. New geopolymer formulations were designed by sodium silicate/NaOH/KOH activation of metakaolin, zeolites, diatomites and red mud mixtures. The effects of source materials on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Mineralogical and chemical compositions were assessed as well as microstructure, specific surface area, compressive strength and adsorption. In general, incorporation of red mud, zeolite filler and diatomites to metakaolin in medium of alkali activators of low concentration provided formation of more eco-friendly materials with high mechanical resistances and water treatment capabilities.
Tiles are found on numerous Portuguese facades. The exposure to external agents causes degradation and, in some cases, detachment of these tiles. In the coastal area of Aveiro city (Portugal), the building's facades, exposed to adverse atmospheric conditions are in constant contact with aggressive agents, which cause the detachment of a significant amount of facade tiles. Within the scope of the SOS Azulejo Project, and in partnership with the University of Aveiro, Fábrica Centro Ciência Viva de Aveiro, the Prison of Aveiro and DDL Arg, this study encompasses the conservation of a tile facade, after degradation and detachment of the ceramic body.
Several replicas of the tiles were made in the specific context of a training action that took place at the Aveiro Prison. The technical study was carried out to analyse the compatibility and reversibility of the mortars and ceramic tiles used. The mortars were tested in their fresh and hard state for consistency through spreading, flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, water absorption, and pull-off adhesion tests on bricks surfaces. The results were satisfactory and the replicated tiles were applied on a building’s facade on the National Tile Day, as part of an awareness campaign.
Nasceu no Ribatejo, foi jornalista no extinto Diário Ilustrado, em Lisboa, e em alguns dos grandes jornais brasileiros. No Brasil fez toda a sua formação académica, sendo hoje, lá e cá, um dos nomes de referência dos estudos jornalísticos...
<p>The possibility of using geopolymers to fill gaps/lacunae in glazed ceramic tiles (azulejos) has been studied. Since the 15<sup>th</sup> century, glazed ceramic tiles are characteristic elements of the Portuguese architectural heritage and their use as external rendering elements has made them prone to degradation. On the other hand, civil construction is a sector with a high consumption of natural resources and CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions. In order to respond a necessary increase of sustainability in conservation/restoration processes, it is important to create/use sustainable repair materials that also ensure compatibility and durability of interventions. Geopolymers were studied as a potential sustainable and compatible repair material. Two commercial metakaolins ARGICAL-M 1200S and ARGICAL-M 1000 were used as precursors in geopolymer pastes and tested. The purpose of this research was to assess the potential of geopolymers in the restoration of the glazed ceramic tiles, both in the filling of gaps and the bonding of ceramic fragments. The physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses of these materials were performed. Additionally, in order to evaluate possible use in conservation interventions, tile lacunae filling, glazing reintegration and bonding of ceramic fragments were studied. Several tests were performed in order to analyse the compatibility and durability of the designed geopolymers and the ceramic/geopolymer system. The results suggest that the geopolymers had a better performance in the bonding of ceramic fragments and can have potential to be applied in the conservation and restoration of tile facades. Thus, as a general conclusion, it was possible to develop sustainable materials to apply in conservation of buildings facades.</p>
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