BACKGROUND In this study, a face‐centered central composite design was applied to optimize pulsed electric field parameters (voltage: 1, 4, 7 kV cm−1; pulse number: 10, 65, 120) for the extraction of natural saponins from Chubak root. Data analysis showed that increasing the voltage from 1 to 4 kV cm−1 and pulse number from 10 to 65 increased foaming ability (FA) and emulsion stability, and decreased foam density (FD), foam stability (FS) and lightness, due to the improved extraction of saponins. RESULTS Whereas, an opposite trend was observed for FA, FD and FS on increasing the voltage from 4 to 7 kV cm−1 as a result of more impurities being extracted. Furthermore, the Chubak root extract (CRE) (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g kg−1) obtained under the optimized conditions (voltage of 6.4 kV cm−1 and pulse number of 80) was used in ice cream formulation because of its ability to reduce surface tension. Based on the results, the samples containing higher amounts of CRE showed higher viscosity, consistency coefficient, overrun, melting resistance and creaminess, as well as lower values of flow behavior index, hardness, adhesiveness, coarseness and coldness. This could be related to the increased water retention, improved whipping ability, greater fat destabilization and smaller ice crystals. Although more bitterness was perceived as a result of an increase in the level of CRE, it had no negative effect on the overall acceptance assessed by trained sensory panelists. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study briefly support the conclusion that CRE has a very high potential for use as a foaming, emulsifying and stabilizing agent to improve the quality of ice cream. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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KEYWORDSNano--tricalcium phosphate ( -TCP); Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB); Sca old; Tissue engineering.Abstract. One of the major challenges facing researchers of tissue engineering is the sca old design with desirable physical and mechanical properties for growth and proliferation of cells and tissue formation. In this paper, rstly, -tricalcium phosphate ( -TCP) nanopowders with particle size of 50-70 nm were synthesized using a simple sol-gel route with calcium nitrate and potassium dihydrogenphosphate as calcium and phosphorus precursors, respectively. Then, the porous ceramic sca old containing 40, 50, and 60 wt% of n -TCP was prepared by the polyurethane sponge replication method. The sca olds were coated with P3HB for 30 sec and 1 min in order to increase the sca old's mechanical properties. XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR were used in order to study the phase and element structure, morphology, particle size, and determination of functional groups, respectively. Based on the results of compressive strength and porosimetry tests, the most appropriate type of sca old is 50 wt% of n -TCP immersed for 30 sec in P3HB with 75% porosity in 200-600 m, with a compressive strength of 1.09 MPa and a compressive modulus of 33 MPa, which can be utilized in bone tissue engineering.

An efficient erbium doped superfluorescent fiber source (SFS) is proposed by comparing the different configurations in the C and L band regions. The flat spectrum of the source over a wide range is examined in various arrangements. The suggested array employed is based on loop mirror and double-pass bidirectional sources for making a flat and stable amplified spontaneous emission power. The maximum power of each of the two 980 nm laser diodes was optimized at 180 mW. Furthermore, the place effect of the laser diode's power near the output port was demonstrated for the first time. Finally, the optimum flattening manner of this ASE source was achieved in 185-50 mW pump powers and 32 mW total power over the 1525-1605 nm region (C+L band).

A dual wavelength high power double-clad erbium/ytterbium-doped fiber laser with a narrowest spacing of 0.4 nm and a M 2 value of close to unity is presented in the region of 1565 nm. This result can be realized with a significant improvement of the mode competition problem using a loop mirror as a comb filter. The wavelength region can also be varied using polarization controllers in the loop mirror. This dual-wavelength fiber laser with side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 40 dB is quite stable, and the output power variance is as low as 0.46 dB.