Photogrammetry is an upcoming technology in biomedical science as it provides a non-invasive and cost-effective alternative to established 3D imaging techniques such as computed tomography. This review introduces the photogrammetry approaches currently used for digital 3D reconstruction in biomedical science and discusses their suitability for different applications. It aims to offer the reader a better understanding of photogrammetry as a 3D reconstruction technique and to provide some guidance on how to choose the appropriate photogrammetry approach for their research area (including single-versus multi-camera setups, structure-from-motion versus conventional photogrammetry and macro-versus microphotogrammetry) as well as guidance on how to obtain high-quality data. This review highlights some key advantages of photogrammetry for a variety of applications in biomedical science, but it also discusses the limitations of this technique and the importance of taking steps to obtain high-quality images for accurate 3D reconstruction.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa affecting approximately 1 in 5 people worldwide. 1 It is characterised by a type I hypersensitivity response, in which repeated allergen exposure results in histamine release by means of mast cell degranulation. 1 In Europe, grass pollen is the most common causative allergen in association with AR. 2 Classic symptoms of AR include sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal and oral pruritus and rhinorrhoea. Associated conditions, like conjunctivitis, asthma and eczema, may contribute towards its diagnosis. 3 Symptom severity varies from mild to severe, with nasal congestion having the largest impact on quality of life. 3 The diagnosis of AR is clinical, based on symptoms, family history of atopy and exclusion of alternative diagnoses, such as infective rhinitis or non-allergic rhinitis. 4 The classification of AR was revised in
Introduction: Parotidectomy carries a risk of postoperative complications including facial nerve palsy and Frey’s syndrome. Less attention, however, has been given to the management of the greater auricular nerve (GAN) during parotidectomy. Providing sensory supply to the auricle, the greater auricular nerve is often sacrificed for access to the parotid gland during surgery. This results in anaesthesia and paraesthesia of the ear lobe and significant patient morbidity. Aim: To review the electronically available documentation of post-parotidectomy ear lobe numbness in our follow-up clinic letters of the past 20 years. Methods: For this retrospective case series our departmental database of over 850 patients undergoing parotidectomy was used as the primary data source. The information collected from electronic records included documentation of intraoperative details, post-operative recovery and incidence of ear lobe numbness post-operatively. The current study was completed between October and November 2020. SPSS and Excel were used for data collection and analysis. Results: The incidence of ear lobe numbness was found to be higher in the patient cohort whose posterior branch of the GAN had been sacrificed during surgery (58% compared to 46%). This agrees with the published literature that preservation of the posterior branch of the GAN decreases the post-operative sensory deficit to the auricle. However, this audit was limited by the incomplete recording of GAN sacrifice intra-operatively and post-operative GAN dysfunction. Discussion: As any tissue removed, added or altered in surgery requires accurate record-keeping, the outcome of the greater auricular nerve during parotidectomy should always be included in the operation notes. A proforma made available within the department may allow for a standardised recording of recognised complications.
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