The aim of this study has been to synthesize research on suicidal patients' experiences of the suicide process. A literature search was performed in CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO, and the analysis of the 15 articles covered was based on meta-synthesis. Patients experience a wide variety of feelings regarding their situation during the suicide process, and these exist on two levels: they relate to the different aspects of care that the patients receive and the patients' need to communicate with others and regain hope. The patients in this study described the struggle to maintain hope when life became too difficult and their suffering despite a sense of security, and they sought to achieve emotional balance. A good understanding of how suicidal individuals live with and manage suicidal ideation, while maintaining hope is important for planning effective nursing care. Further research from the patient perspective is needed to further develop psychiatric care for people at risk of suicide.

The thermohaline stream function has previously been used to describe the ocean circulation in temperature and salinity space. In the present study, the Lagrangian thermohaline stream function is introduced and computed for northward flowing water masses in the Atlantic Ocean, using Lagrangian trajectories. The stream function shows the water-mass transformations in the Atlantic Ocean, where warm and saline water is converted to cold and fresh as it flows from 17 • S to 58 • N. By analysing the Lagrangian divergence of heat and salt flux, the conversion of temperature is found to take place in the Gulf Stream, the upper flank of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre and in the North Atlantic Drift, whereas the conversion of salinity rather occurs over a narrower band in the same regions. Thus, conversions of temperature and salinity as shown by the Lagrangian thermohaline stream function are confined to the same regions in the domain. The study of a specific, representative trajectory shows that, in the absence of air-sea interactions, a mixing process leads to the conversion of temperature and salinity from warm and saline to cold and fresh, and that this process is confined to the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. However, to define and to understand this process, further investigation is needed.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) regulates the heat distribution and climate of Earth. Here we identify a new feature of the circulation within the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre that is associated with the northward flowing component of the AMOC. We find that 70% of the water that flows northwards as part of the AMOC circulates the Gyre at least once before it can continue northwards. These circuits are needed to achieve an increase of density and depth through a combination of air-sea interaction and interior mixing processes, before water can escape the latitudes of the Gyre and join the northern upper branch of the AMOC. This points towards an important role of the Gyre circulation in determining the strength and variability of the AMOC and the northward heat transport. Understanding this newly identified role of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre is needed to properly represent future changes of the AMOC.

The warming and salinification of the northwards flowing water masses from the Southern Ocean to the tropics are studied with Lagrangian trajectories simulated using fields from an Earth System Model. The trajectories are used to trace the geographical distribution of the water mass transformation and connect it with the pathways of the upper limb of the overturning circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Antarctic Circumpolar Current water gains heat just below the mixed layer, mainly when the layer is thin during Austral spring and summer. This gain is therefore suggested to be a consequence of heat flux from the atmosphere and mixing processes at the base of the mixed layer. In the Southern Hemispheric subtropical gyres on the other hand, a large warming and salinification of the northwards flowing water results from internal mixing with other warmer and more saline water masses. Close to the Antarctic shelf waters are getting fresher as a result of ice melting, whereas further north, in the Antarctic Circumpolar current, waters are getting more saline as a result of evaporation. Our results show that it is not only the heat and freshwater fluxes through the sea surface that control the heat and salt changes of the upper limb of the overturning circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. In fact, internal mixing accounts for 25% of the heat change, and 22% of the salinity change.

<p>The latest version of the <strong>TRACMASS</strong> trajectory code, version 7.0 will be presented. The latest version includes several new features, e.g. water tracing in the atmosphere, generalisation of the tracer handling, and improvements to the numerical scheme. The code has also become more user friendly and easier to get started with. Previous versions of <strong>TRACMASS</strong> only allowed temperature, salinity and potential density to be calculated along the trajectories, but the new version allows any tracer to be followed e.g. biogeochemical tracers or chemical compounds in the atmosphere. </p><p><strong>TRACMASS</strong> calculates Lagrangian trajectories offline for both the ocean and atmosphere by using already stored velocity fields, and optionally tracer fields. The code supports most vertical coordinate systems, e.g. z-star, z-tilde, sigma, and hybrid sigma-pressure coordinates. Hence, <strong>TRACMASS</strong> supports a range of atmosphere and ocean models such as ECMWF IFS, NEMO, ROMS, MOM, as well as reanalysis products (e.g. ERA-5) or observations (e.g. geostrophic currents from AVISO satellite altimetry). The fact that the numerical scheme in <strong>TRACMASS</strong> is mass conserving allows us to associate each trajectory with a mass transport and calculate the Lagrangian mass transport between different regions as well as construct Lagrangian stream functions. </p><p>A short course on how to set up, configure and run the <strong>TRACMASS </strong>code will be given separately, <strong>SC5.17</strong>.</p>

The circulation in the Atlantic Ocean is a key component of the Earth's climate system (Bindoff et al., 2019;Bower et al., 2019;Weijer et al., 2020). The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transports surface water to the northernmost parts of the Atlantic Ocean. On its way, the water looses heat and freshens, which results in a net increase in density. These changes are due to a combination of air-sea interactions, such as heat fluxes through the surface or evaporation and precipitation, and through internal mixing (Berglund et al., 2017;Bower et al., 2019;Lozier, 2012). When the water reaches the northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean it is sufficiently dense to sink and return southwards. This watermass transformation from light to dense waters is gradual on its northward path and to a large extent subsurface within the North Atlantic Current and in the Subpolar Gyre in a depth range of 800-1,500 m (Chafik & Rossby, 2019;Evans et al., 2022;Zhang & Thomas, 2021).In the present study, we will investigate to what extent this subsurface transformation is due to mixing with other water masses and thus not only due to the heat and freshwater fluxes through the sea surface. The northward heat transport, associated with the AMOC, is considered to be one of the reasons for the relatively mild climate of

<p>This study describes an important pathway of the thermohaline conveyor belt circulation and connects the geographical distribution of water masses with water mass transformation. <br>In the Southern Ocean, cold and fresh water up-wells to the surface and returns northward, entering the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean. This reflects an important part of the thermohaline conveyor belt circulation. As the water flows northward, it changes temperature and salinity, and thus density. These changes can be caused either by internal mixing or air-sea interactions. </p><p>In this study, Lagrangian trajectories are used to follow the pathway from Drake Passage to the warm Pacific Ocean. Trajectories are started in the Drake Passage, and are ended when they either reach 25$^\circ$C or return to the Drake Passage. The trajectories entering the Pacific Ocean follow the Antarctic circumpolar current and separate then into two pathways. The first enters the Pacific Ocean close to the South American coast and flows along the coast until it reaches 25$^\circ$C close to the equator. The second pathway, which corresponds to most of the total volume transport entering the Pacific, are subducted around 40$^\circ$S. The water then moves westward until it reaches Australia where it turns northward and ultimately joins the equatorial undercurrent. </p><p>Along these two pathways, the water changes temperature and salinity, going from cold and fresh to warm and saline. Preliminary results indicate that the water mass transformation for the first pathway are due to air-sea interactions, and internal mixing for the second. </p>

<p>The hydrological cycle of the tropical Pacific Ocean is traced with Lagrangian water mass trajectories in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system.<br>The cycle consists of one half in the atmosphere and one half in the ocean, where the two halves are connected by the evaporation and precipitation regions at the sea surface.<br>The atmospheric part of the water cycle is traced backward from the precipitation at the sea surface of the Warm Pool to the evaporation regions in the eastern tropical Pacific.<br>Reversely, the ocean part of the cycle is also traced from the precipitation to the evaporation regions with water mass trajectories, with emphasis on the part that recirculates within the Tropical Pacific.<br>The air circulation of the Walker Cell is superimposed on the ocean-atmosphere water cell both in the zonal-vertical space as well as in the hydrothermohaline space. This reveals how the ocean and atmosphere are connected, which are, to some extent, governed by the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship in the evaporation regions. </p><p>The Lagrangian trajectories are computed with the trajectory code TRACMASS, where the atmospheric water parcels are advected with the 3D water mass fluxes based on a new water mass conservation method, which includes precipitation.</p>