ObjectiveTo evaluate serum levels of galectin-3 (G-3) in patients with bladder cancer and a control group, as a potential diagnostic and prognostic serum tumour marker.Patients and methodsBetween November 2012 and January 2013, 55 patients (median age 58 years) were enrolled into three groups, i.e., a control, those with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) or those with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The serum G-3 level was measured the night before cystoscopy. The levels of G-3 levels were correlated with tumour type, stage and grade, and in relation to levels in normal urothelium. The results were analysed statistically using the Mann–Whitney U-test, the Kruskal–Wallis test and the receiver operating characteristic curve, as appropriate.ResultsThe median serum G-3 level was 100, 720 and 920 pg/mL in the control, TCC and SCC groups, respectively, with very significantly greater G-3 levels in both the TCC and SCC groups than in the control group. Patients with high-grade TCC had a statistically significantly greater serum G-3 level than those with low-grade tumours, as did those with muscle-invasive TCC than those with Ta tumours.ConclusionsThe level of G-3 can aid as a diagnostic marker in patients with either TCC or SCC of the bladder, but the prognostic significance of G-3 remains to be confirmed.

Background: Galectins are group of proteins found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell surface and extracellular matrix. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) displays pathological expression in a variety of processes such as tumorigenesis. Patients and Method: 70 patients classified into the control group, cystitis group, transitional cell carcinoma group, and squamous cell carcinoma group were enrolled in this study which aimed to detect the serum level and the intensity of tissue expression of Gal-3. Results: Both serum level and tissue expression of Gal-3 were statistically higher in bladder cancer patients compared to the other groups. Gal-3 level expression increased from low to high grade urothelial tumors, with a statistically significant increase of its level and expression between muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive Ta urothelial tumors. Conclusion: The serum Gal-3 level is sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The prognostic significance of tissue expression is to be confirmed.

Background: Immunostimulatory and antiproliferative therapies have been widely used for the treatment of multiple warts. Recently, anti-HPV activity of ionic contra viral therapy (ICVT) which is comprised of combined digoxin and furosemide has been demonstrated. Aim:To evaluate and compare the effectiveness and safety of intralesional injection of Candida antigen, vitamin D3, and combined digoxin and furosemide in the treatment of multiple warts.Patients and Methods: Seventy-five patients with numerous warts were randomly assigned to one of three equal groups: Candida antigen, vitamin D3, or a combination of digoxin and furosemide. In the Candida antigen group, injections into the biggest wart were done. In the vitamin D3 and combined digoxin/furosemide groups, the agent was injected into each wart with a maximum of five injected warts. Injections were repeated every 2 weeks until clearance or for a total of five sessions.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the overall therapeutic response among the studied groups in favor of the intralesional Candida antigen group (60%), followed by the vitamin D3 group (48%) and the ionic contraviral therapy group (28%) (p = 0.02). However, the difference between both Candida antigen and vitamin D groups was not significant (p = 0.59). Conclusions:Intralesional Candida antigen immunotherapy and vitamin D3 antiproliferative therapy are significantly more effective than ICVT.Limitations: Short follow-up period and relatively small sample size.

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