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We investigated the mechanism of CaSO 4 and CaHPO 4 scaling on nanofiltration membranes by observing the flux decline behavior. It was found that CaSO 4 fouling contributed a greater resistance than CaHPO 4 fouling under the same operating conditions. CaSO 4 fouling was characterized by reversible cake growth caused by both bulk and surface crystallization at a lower operating pressure, and by surface crystallization at a higher operating pressure. CaHPO 4 fouling was characterized by both irreversible pore/surface adsorption and reversible cake growth through surface crystallization regardless of operating conditions. These findings indicate that both fouling solutes and operating parameters should be considered when evaluating inorganic fouling of a nanofilter.

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Optimizing San Antonio Water System's new desalination plant yielded operational strategies and lessons learned for engineers and operators.