In this study an attempt to generate the LULC maps and investigate change detection analysis over a period of 22 years using Landsat satellite images of 1994, 2000, and 2016 and to predict the LULCC for the year 2016-2032 using CA Markov model in Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarkhand. Satellite images of Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI sensor of nominal spatial resolution 30m were used. Supervised image classifications with the help of parallel pipe algorithm were used in this study. The validity of the Cellular Automata Markov model were used to predict future (16 years) LULC of 2032. The estimation includes two modules to predict the future land use pattern of the study area such as MARKOV and CA-MARKOV model/modules. Commonly, the accuracy of the classification results is assessed by the error matrix calculation. The result of overall change detection indicates agriculture, forest, water body and fallow land are decreased by 121.75 Km2 (14%), 44.70 Km2 (5%), 38.91 Km2 (4.5%) and 230.71 (26.5%); settlement and river sand are increased by 379.89 Km2 (44%) and 56.18 Km2 (6%). The study has an overall classification accuracy 76.84%, and standard kappa coefficient value (K) of 0.722. The model predicts the future change detection in agriculture 32%, forest 38%, fallow land 5%, settlement 20%, water body 3%, and river sand is 2%. This study is very effective for future LULC prediction that is helpful in urban development planning and the field of management of natural resources.
Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in urban and rural India. Groundwater is primarily used for various purposes like drinking, washing, irrigation, etc. Groundwater can become contaminated in many ways. The study has been carried out to assess the fluoride in groundwater of Coimbatore district. The secondary data of groundwater has been collected from PWD, Chennai, Tamil Nadu for the years of 2014 to 2018. Geographic information system (GIS) approach is used to develop spatial information and knowledge about fluoride in groundwater quality. Fluoride plays an important role in human metabolism within the permissible limit. But it is exceeded by many activities mainly by the human activities. High level of fluoride cause major impact on human health. It can replace calcium ion in bones and teeth, which can lead to fluorosis. Therefore this study was aimed to identify the high and low risk of fluoride contamination in groundwater. The study revealed that high level of fluoride 2014 (2.83mg/l), 2015 (1.86mg/l), 2016 (3.6mg/l), 2017 (1.56mg/l), and 2018 (1.68mg/l). It provides an understanding into the problem of fluorosis among people in the study area, where fluorosis is a public health problem of significant impact. Ambrampalayam, Puliampatti, Puravaipalayam, Ettimadai, Sirumugai and Therampalayam where the places shows the high level fluoride and people experiences the symptoms of dental fluorosis. There is compulsory need for defluoridation of the groundwater before consumption.
Ground water is the water present inside the solid surface in the pore soil space. In cities, the people use ground water for their domestic use, in village the people use ground water for the agriculture process. Industries use ground water for their production purpose. The present study has been carried out to evaluate hydrochemical characteristic of ground water of Coimbatore district, TamilNadu, India. Geographical information system (GIS) has been applied to visualize the spatial distribution of groundwater quality in the study area. Twenty different samples were collected and analyzed for different hydrochemical parameters. The ground water in the study area is alkaline in nature. Nine samples within the area have more than maximum level of total dissolved solids. Five samples are having sodium in above maximum allowable limit. Only six samples have permissible limit in potassium in the area. Based on chloride, 90% of samples are within permissible limit. In total hardness, seven samples were exceed the allowable limit. In this agriculture area and industrial area water qualities are not much different maybe all agriculture area also has some industries or dump yard is a reason. The results obtained in this study and the spatial database established in GIS will be helpful for monitoring and managing ground water pollution in this study area.
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