Findings of our study revealed that none of the methods used were found to be absolutely efficacious in the decontamination of dental burs. However, among the experimental groups used in the present study, autoclave was found to be the relatively best method.

In very mild and mild forms of fluorosis, in-office vital tooth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide is the most conservative and effective approach in esthetic improvement.

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Background:The ideal maxillary injection should produce a rapid onset of profound pulpal anesthesia for multiple teeth from a single needle penetration. The main objective is to compare the efficacy of articaine 4% and lidocaine 2% and to compare anterior middle superior alveolar nerve block (AMSANB) and infraorbital nerve block (IONB) for anesthesia of maxillary teeth.Materials and Methods:Forty patients undergoing root canal treatment of maxillary anteriors and premolars were included and randomly divided into four groups of ten each. Group I: patients receiving AMSANB with articaine, Group II: Patients receiving IONB with articaine, Group III: Patients receiving AMSANB with lidocaine, Group IV: Patients receiving IONB with lidocaine. The scores of onset of anesthesia and pain perception were statistically analyzed.Results:Onset of action was fastest for articaine with AMSANB and slowest for lidocaine with IONB by Tukey's test. A significant change was observed in the electrical pulp test readings at onset and at 30 min by paired t-test. All patients experienced mild pain during the procedure recorded by visual analog scale.Conclusion:Articaine 4% proved to be more efficacious than lidocaine 2%, and AMSANB was more advantageous than IONB in securing anesthesia of maxillary anteriors and premolars.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of Thymus vulgaris, Salvadora persica, Acacia nilotica, Calendula arvensis , and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis . Methodology: Herbal extracts of T. vulgaris, S. persica, A. nilotica and C. arvensis were prepared. Tryptone soya broth was used to grow E. faecalis and agar plates were prepared. The tested solutions (Group A: 5% NaOCl, Group B: 20% T. vulgaris , Group C: 12.5% S. persica , Group D: 10% A. nilotica , Group E: 10% C. arvensis ) were added to the wells made on agar media. Agar diffusion test was performed. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Bacterial zones of inhibition were recorded. Results: The data were analyzed statistically by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison by Tukey's t -test. The highest zone of inhibition against E. faecalis was shown by 5% NaOCl, followed by 10% C. arvensis , 20% T. vulgaris and 10% A. nilotica showed similar comparable antibacterial activity. The least zone of inhibition was showed by S. persica. Conclusion: 5% NaOCl showed the maximum antibacterial activity, and herbal products demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and can be employed as an alternative to NaOCl.

A 54 year old female patient reported to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, with the chief complaint of dull aching pain in the lower right front teeth region since one month. History of present illness revealed intermittent pain with hot and cold stimuli for the past three months. Past dental history revealed asymptomatic, endodontically treated right mandibular first premolar. The patient's medical history was noncontributory.On examination, the lower right canine revealed proximal caries on disto-buccal side. The tooth was not mobile and periodontal probing around the tooth was within physiological limits. Thermal tests were positive and electric pulp testing elicited delayed response with the right mandibular canine. A diagnostic radiograph revealed a coronal disto-occlusal radiolucency involving the pulp space and widening of the periodontal ligament space. The radiograph also revealed an unusual anatomy of involved tooth. It showed presence of two roots and two root canals. For further confirmation of this unusual morphology, multiple pre-operative radiographs were taken at 10-40 degree mesial and distal angulations which confirmed the presence of two roots and two root canals .From the clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of symptomatic apical periodontitis was made, and root canal treatment was planned. Treatment was scheduled and initiated after obtaining written informed consent from the patient.The caries on the disto-buccal surface was excavated and restored with composite resin (3M ESPE, A G Seefeld, Germany). Local anesthesia was administered and access opening was done using endo-access bur (Dentsply Tulsa, Tulsa, OK) under rubber dam isolation. The pulp chamber was opened to facilitate location of buccal and lingual canals. Working length was established using apex locator and also radiographically [Table /Fig-2a].The canals were instrumented using stainless steel K-files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with master apical filing upto #35 K-file. A 5.2% solution of sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA were used alternatively as irrigants, at each change of file. Final irrigation was done using 2% chlorhexidine [Table/ Fig2b]. The canals were dried with absorbent paper points (Dentsply, DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). The instrumented root canals were obturated using 2% gutta percha cones and AH Plus sealer (Dentsply, DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) using lateral condensation technique. The final radiograph showed two well-obturated canals. After completion of root canal treatment, the tooth was restored using resin composite (3M ESPE, A G Seefeld, Germany) [Table/ Fig-2c]. DISCUSSIONProper diagnosis and identification of the number of roots and root canals are key to success of endodontic treatment [1][2][3]. The studies of Greene, Hess and Vertucci revealed 13%, 15% and 18% of two canals in single root of mandibular canines respectively [1]. The occurrence of two roots and two separate root canals in mandibular canine is a rare entity and literature search has r...

Haemorrhagic diathesis has been of much concern to health professionals including dentists. It is not infrequent that a dentist becomes the first person to diagnose a bleeding disorder while performing dental treatment. Haemophilia is an X linked disorder with a frequency of about 1:10 000 births. Haemophilia B is much less common than haemophilia A, and affects only 1:300 000 males born alive. The clinical features of haemophilia B are very similar to those of haemophilia A with a prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time. This case report describes the dental management of a patient with an uncommon haematological disorder, namely, factor IX deficiency, which remained undiagnosed until the patient had to undergo dentofacial trauma with unexpected severe haemorrhage. Preventive dentistry remains vital to young haemophiliacs. Surgical dental procedures may be performed for haemophiliacs but they must be judiciously coordinated by dental and medical health professionals.

Aim: The aim of the study is to measure the amount of remaining dentin thickness (RDT) following retreatment using three different rotary nickel–titanium (NiTi) systems. Methodology: Mesiobuccal roots of 45 extracted maxillary first molars were prepared up to F 2 ProTaper File and obturated. After cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, to evaluate the obturation, the samples were randomly assigned to three retreatment groups ( n = 15). Group I was retreated with ProTaper Universal retreatment kit, Group II and III with M TWO and D-Race retreatment files, respectively. Postoperatively, all samples were subjected to CBCT imaging and evaluated with AutoCAD software (AutoDesk, Inc.) Mill Valley, California, U.S. to calculate the RDT. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests, and the level of significance was set at P = 0.05. Results: The amount of RDT was significantly more in D-Race and M TWO groups when compared to ProTaper group. Conclusion: D-Race and M TWO instruments were associated with significantly more RDT than ProTaper.