Distinct from normal differentiated tissues, cancer cells reprogram nutrient uptake and utilization to accommodate their elevated demands for biosynthesis and energy production. A hallmark of these types of reprogramming is the increased utilization of, and dependency on glutamine, a nonessential amino acid, for cancer cell growth and survival. It is well-accepted that glutamine is a versatile biosynthetic substrate in cancer cells beyond its role as a proteinogenic amino acid. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that glutamine metabolism is regulated by many factors, including tumor origin, oncogene/tumor suppressor status, epigenetic alternations and tumor microenvironment. However, despite the emerging understanding of why cancer cells depend on glutamine for growth and survival, the contribution of glutamine metabolism to tumor progression under physiological conditions is still under investigation, partially because the level of glutamine in the tumor environment is often found low. Since targeting glutamine acquisition and utilization has been proposed to be a new therapeutic strategy in cancer, it is central to understand how tumor cells respond and adapt to glutamine starvation for optimized therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first summarize the diverse usage of glutamine to support cancer cell growth and survival, and then focus our discussion on the influence of other nutrients on cancer cell adaptation to glutamine starvation as well as its implication in cancer therapy.

Chromosomal translocation is the most common form of chromosomal abnormality and is often associated with congenital genetic disorders, infertility, and cancers. The lack of cellular and animal models for chromosomal translocations, however, has hampered our ability to understand the underlying disease mechanisms and to develop new therapies. Here, we show that site-specific chromosomal translocations can be generated in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) via CRISPR/Cas9. Mouse ESCs carrying translocated chromosomes can be isolated and expanded to establish stable cell lines. Furthermore, chimeric mice can be generated by injecting these mESCs into host blastocysts. The establishment of ESC-based cellular and animal models of chromosomal translocation by CRISPR/Cas9 provides a powerful platform for understanding the effect of chromosomal translocation and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

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Government of India like all other governments has been making sincere efforts to promote exports. After independence export promotion was given very low priority due to easy and adequate assistance from World Bank and other international institutions. After 1965 such assistance began to recede and as a result India had to depend on export promotion efforts to meet its development requirements. India then considered export promotion, as a major challenge to meet its import needs. Thus over the last couple of decades export promotion has assumed critical importance in Indian economy. The process of liberalization and globalization has further boosted the export promotion efforts. After economonic reforms, Government of India introduced various export promotion schemes like Duty Drawback, Special Economic Zone Scheme, Focus Product and Focus Market Scheme, Market Access Initiative Scheme etc to promote exports. Through this paper an attempt has been made by the researchers to study various export promotion schemes introduced from time to time to promote exports from India after economic reforms and their resultant impact.

Corporate Governance can be defined as a set of rules and regulations which are required for effective governance of any corporate organization. The effective and transparent corporate governance is becoming increasingly important now. As per the provisions of Companies Act, 2013, corporate are required to spend a stipulated amount of their profits on social activities as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In order to adapt to the prevailing business practices, a path driven by the ethical norms and sound accountability needs to be taken in the form of good Corporate Governance and CSR. It can be said that today, both Corporate Governance and CSR focus on ethical practices in business and the responsiveness of an organization to its stakeholders and the environment in which it operates. This paper is an attempt to strike a balance between good corporate governance and CSR thereby having a tradeoff between social welfare and profit maximization. Further, the research does not take into account the CSR practices of private organizations and is limited to the public organizations only. This adds to the gap in research and hence a suitable scope for further research.