With the advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and technology, applicability of WSNs as a system is touching new heights. The development of multimedia nodes has led to the creation of another intelligent distributed system, which can transfer real-time multimedia traffic, ubiquitously. Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are applicable in a wide range of areas including area monitoring and video surveillance. But due to unreliable error-prone communication medium and application specific quality of service (QoS) requirements, routing of real-time multimedia traffic in WMSNs poses a serious problem. The paper discusses various existing routing strategies in WMSNs, with their properties and limitations which lead to open research issues. Further, detailed classification and analytical comparison of discussed protocols are also presented.

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>Over the last decade, researchers had  proposed numerous  mobile ad hoc routing protocols for which are operate in an on-demand way, as standard on-demand routing protocols such as AODV, DSR and TORA, etc., have been shown to often have faster reaction time and  lower overhead than proactive protocols. However, the openness of the routing environment and the absence of centralized system and infrastructure make them exposed to security attacks in large extent.  In particular, one such kind of attacks is rushing attack, which is mostly hard to detect due to their inherited properties, that alters the network statistics radically. In this paper, we modeled a rushing attack which is a powerful attack that exploits the weaknesses of the secure routing protocols. Moreover, to know the weakness and strength of these protocols, it is necessary to test their performance in hostile environments. Subsequently, the performance is measured with the various metrics, some ot them are average throughput, packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and etc., to compare and evaluate their performance.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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There is an increasing research interest in solving routing problems in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and most of the existing routing protocols for WSN consider homogeneous nodes wherein, all sensor nodes have the same capabilities in terms of sensing, communication and computation capabilities. However, deployment of a homogeneous sensor network may suffer from poor performance. In this paper, we present a novel QoS routing scheme that adaptively learns an optimal routing strategy, depending on multiple optimization goals. We base our approach on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique which is insensitive to initial setting, thus ideal in the context of WHSNs. The key feature of the protocol is its ability to meet diverse QoS requirements posed by different kinds of traffic generated due to heterogeneous nature of nodes thus maximizing network performance and utilization. Experimental results suggest a significant gain in the performance of proposed protocol over AODV protocol.