No abstract

The prevalence of smoking among Croatian adolescents is alarmingly high, but no previous study has prospectively examined the sport- and academic-factors associated with smoking and smoking initiation. This study aimed to prospectively examine the associations between scholastic (educational) achievement and sport factors and smoking in 16- to 18-year-old adolescents. This two-year prospective cohort study included 644 adolescents who were 16 years of age at baseline (46% females). Baseline testing was implemented at the beginning of the 3rd year of high school (September 2014) when participants were 16 years old. Follow-up testing was completed at the end of the fourth year of high school, which occurred 20 months later. The evaluated predictor variables were educational-achievement- and sport-related-factors. The outcome variables were (i) smoking at baseline; (ii) smoking at follow-up; and (iii) smoking initiation over the course of the study. We assessed the associations between predictors and outcomes using logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, and conflict with parents. The educational variables were consistently associated with smoking, with lower grade-point-average (Baseline: odd ratio (OR): 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.61–2.55; Follow-up: 1.59, 1.31–1.94), more frequent absence from school (Baseline: OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.19–1.69; Follow-up: 1.30, 1.08–1.58), and lower behavioral grades (Baseline: OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.10–2.89; Follow-up: 1.57, 1.03–2.41) in children who smoke. Adolescents who reported quitting sports were at greater odds of being smokers (Baseline: 2.07, 1.31–3.32; Follow-up: 1.66, 1.09–2.56). Sport competitive achievement at baseline was protective against smoking initiation during following two-year period (0.45, 0.21–0.91). While the influence of the educational variables on smoking initiation has been found to be established earlier; sport achievement was identified as a significant protective factor against initiating smoking in older adolescents. Results should be used in development of an anti-smoking preventive campaign in older adolescents.

The results of this study showed that the LLLT increased unstimulated salivary flow rate significantly. However, stimulated salivary flow rate did not increase significantly after the LLLT. In patients who underwent sham laser therapy, neither unstimulated nor stimulated salivary flow rate increased significantly.

The conclusion is that the use of composite resins material with appropriate enamel pretreatment according to manufacturer's recommendation is the "gold standard" for brackets bonding for fixed orthodontic appliances.

The results revealed that the ceramic brackets as well as usage of CHX-ADS resulted in improved gingival status.

Suvremena stomatologija vuče korijen znanstvene medicinske grane od godine 1728. tj. otkako je objavljeno djelo Pierrea Faucharda pod naslovom "Lechirurgien dentiste oùtraitédesdents". Stomatološka dijagnostička znanja, posebice oralna i maksilofacijalna radiologija, smatraju se početnom točkom za svaki hitan ili opsežan zubni tretman. Dentalna radiologija je dio radiologije koji se bavi upotrebom ionizirajućih i neionizirajućih zračenja u svrhu postavljanja dijagnoze, planiranja stomatoloških postupaka te praćenju razvoja bolesti i rezultata stomatološkog liječenja. Nakon što je 1895. godine profesor Wilhelm Conrad Roendgen otkrio x-zrake, stomatolozi su vrlo brzo otkrili dijagnostičku prednost njegova otkrića. Nedugo nakon Roentgenove publikacije otkrića, 12. siječnja 1896. godine dr. Otto Walkhoff u Braunschweigu, napravio je prvu rendgensku sliku zuba. Yrjo V. Paaterovim izumom panoramskog snimka 1948. godine, dentalna radiografija napravila je značaj napredak. Uređaj koji je proizvodio dvodimenzionalan snimak cijelih usta bio je jedinstven jer i film i uređaj bio smješten u ustima. Stomatološke rendgenske snimke dijele se na intraoralne i ekstraoralne. Intraoralne rendgenske snimke nastaju tako što se film smješta u usnu šupljinu. Kod ekstraoralnih rendgenskih snimaka film se smješta izvan usne šupljine.Neosporiva je činjenica da digitalne tehnologije sve više zamjenjuju analogne i to u svim područjima svakodnevnice, uključujući medicinu i stomatologiju Ključne riječi: zub,x-zrake, rendgen , zračenje, zaštita Kontakt za razmjenu informacija:

physical health of children all while describing the various ways that one can work with children along with some of the challenges that the experts face each day along with some of the children's experiences.

The aim of the study was to determine attitudes towards and habits in oral health of adolescents in Herzegovina, as well as to evaluate the possible differences in habits among individuals of different adolescent categories. The study included 120 participants (35 male and 85 female) divided into three adolescent categories, as follows: early (11-14 years of age), middle (15-18 years) and late (19-21 years) adolescence, from the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, who presented for dental examination. All participants completed the socio-demographic questionnaire and standardized Hiroshima University Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI). The answers provided by study adolescents in the HU-DBI showed statistically significant differences among particular age groups, i.e. between early and middle adolescence in items 7 (p=0.046) and 15 (p=0.007); between middle and late adolescence in items 8 (p=0.021), 11 (p=0.04) and 12 (p=0.027); and between middle and late adolescence in item 11 (p=0.032). Respondents in middle adolescence had poorer oral hygiene attitudes than those in early and late adolescence. In order to improve the oral hygiene habits of adolescents in Herzegovina, it is necessary to put emphasis on continuous education about oral hygiene habits during their secondary education.