The study examined the diversity of vegetation (tree species and shrubs) for the preservation, utilization and conservation of tree species in Northern Yobe. A point centred quarter (PCQ) method was employed to study the vegetation structure in six randomly selected experimental sites across the three local government councils in Northern Yobe (Yunusari, Yusufari and Geidam). A total of 22 tree species and 7 shrubs belonging to 15 families were identified, with Fabaceae being the family with the highest number of tree species (5 members), and followed by Combretaceae, Mimosaceae, and Rhamnaceae each with 3 members. Aracaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Moraceae have 2 members each, while other identified families had a member of tree species. Specifically, Sodom apple was the dominant tree species based on Importance Value Indices (IVI) of 23.3, followed by Doum palm (22.0), then Guiera tree and Combretum species, each with IVI of 20.7, followed by Desert date (20.3), Thorn Acacia (19.9), and then Whistling thorn (19.3 as their IVI. The Diversity index was determined as 1, Simpson’s index of diversity was very low (-0.0082) and the species richness was 0.41. The low values indicate a less complex community, and the distribution pattern of the various parameters assesses was that of a typical Sahel-Savannah vegetation. Nevertheless, there was a large number of different tree species (29) recorded which implies many tree species are adaptable in the study area but only regenerated naturally without effort for intensive production. Therefore, the need of mass production of these trees in plantation and agroforestry for the conservation and utilization of the dominant (most adapted) tree species to halt environmental associated problems including desertification and erosion in the study area.
The most popular member of the family Moringaceae is Moringa oleifera Lam. While originally from the western sub-Himalayas, India, Pakistan, Asia, and Africa, this plant has since found its way around the world. Growth of the plant is slow in areas with harsh climates, despite evidence of its excellent adaptability in tropical regions. Moringa oleifera has been studied for its potential as a biodiesel source, as well as its usage as a natural coagulant for water purification. The maturation period of Moringa oleifera is rather long because it is frequently cultivated from seeds. Therefore, it is currently unable to meet the growing demand for this species to fulfil its many household, nutritional, economic, and medical purposes. This review covers the uses and the establishment, maintenance, and development of mass propagation of the plant. The review also covers extensive parts of the plant, from a single cell to an entire plant, under artificial and axenic conditions is the focus of plant tissue culture (PTC), which is an integral part of Plant Biotechnology due to the many benefits it offers over traditional methods of propagation. Plant hormones have been shown to improve the success of vegetative propagation from cuttings, but in order to obtain uniform planting materials, tissue culture techniques involving plant materials like nodal segments, indirect organogenesis, multiplication using immature seeds, and regeneration of axillary cotyledons and buds are preferable.
Harvester ants (Messor galla Forel) would defy various control strategies. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of spent engine-oil and other naturebased materials on their emergence in Maiduguri, Borno State of Nigeria. The evaluated treatments are spot applications of spent engine-oil and some natural materials in experiment 1 and individual and equal mixture of pure neem seed kernel oil and spent engine-oil in experiment 2. Spot application of permethrin served as positive control. Experiment 1 results showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between permethrin and spent engine-oil (which was the most effective treatment). While neem seed oil was significantly (p<0.01) more effective than the untreated control, the result on the 28 th day after application showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the population index of ants that emerged from nests treated with aqueous neem seed extract, salt/potash solution and extract of Eugenia aromatica fruit from those of the untreated control. Experiment 2 result showed no significant difference (p<0.05) between Permethrin, spent engine-oil, neem seed kernel oil and an equal mixture by volume of pure neem seed kernel oil and spent engineoil in suppressing the emergence of the ants. These were, however, significantly different (p>0.05) from the untreated control. While the result shows no significant difference between the insecticidal treatments, it was observed that equal mixture of spent engine-oil and neem seed kernel oil was the most effective, followed by spent engine-oil, permethrin and neem seed kernel oil in that order.
Rooting on mature stem cuttings of the Drumstick tree, Moringa oleifera, Lam. Moringaceae, was studied using three auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and maphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at two seasons. The experiments were carried out at random using a 342 factorial design. The growth of stem cuttings prior to rooting was influenced by auxin concentrations and the seasons. Stem cuttings taken during the wet season and treated with 500 mg/L of IBA, NAA, and IAA sprouted 18-27 days sooner than dry season cuttings (24-30 days after planting or DAP). Wet-season bud development into leaves was found to be more affected by auxin application and seasons than dry-season bud development (2.0%-83.4% wet season and 10%-56.08% dry season). The results also demonstrated that the stem cuttings did not callus, but instead formed nodules at the base of the stem regardless of the treatment or time of year. Sizes ranging from small (S) to medium (M) to large (B) nodules were spotted. Larger concentrations of auxins (500 mg/L of IBA, NAA, and IAA) influenced the production of smaller nodules during the dry season, while in the wet season, 500 mg/L of the three auxins influenced the production of larger nodules (B), and 300 mg/L of the auxins influenced the production of smaller nodules (M). Auxin concentration and control affected the production of small (S) nodules. The results also showed that large nodules were associated with the tap, lateral, and feeding roots. High auxin concentration (500 mg/L) affected these. The wet season stem cuttings produced more tap roots than the dry season cuttings. The study showed that vegetative propagation of M. oleifera by rooting stem cuttings is best done in the wet season. Wet season cuttings produced proto-type seedlings of the parent stock.
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