The study examined the diversity of vegetation (tree species and shrubs) for the preservation, utilization and conservation of tree species in Northern Yobe. A point centred quarter (PCQ) method was employed to study the vegetation structure in six randomly selected experimental sites across the three local government councils in Northern Yobe (Yunusari, Yusufari and Geidam). A total of 22 tree species and 7 shrubs belonging to 15 families were identified, with Fabaceae being the family with the highest number of tree species (5 members), and followed by Combretaceae, Mimosaceae, and Rhamnaceae each with 3 members. Aracaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Moraceae have 2 members each, while other identified families had a member of tree species. Specifically, Sodom apple was the dominant tree species based on Importance Value Indices (IVI) of 23.3, followed by Doum palm (22.0), then Guiera tree and Combretum species, each with IVI of 20.7, followed by Desert date (20.3), Thorn Acacia (19.9), and then Whistling thorn (19.3 as their IVI. The Diversity index was determined as 1, Simpson’s index of diversity was very low (-0.0082) and the species richness was 0.41. The low values indicate a less complex community, and the distribution pattern of the various parameters assesses was that of a typical Sahel-Savannah vegetation. Nevertheless, there was a large number of different tree species (29) recorded which implies many tree species are adaptable in the study area but only regenerated naturally without effort for intensive production. Therefore, the need of mass production of these trees in plantation and agroforestry for the conservation and utilization of the dominant (most adapted) tree species to halt environmental associated problems including desertification and erosion in the study area.

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Farmers are eager to know the various types of weeds in paddy fields. This will help in choosing the best weed management practice for effective weed control as well as reducing rice yield losses. The objectives of the study are to identify the weeds species affecting the rice field, to assess the composition of weeds species, to classify the weed species into different families, genera, species, common names, Hausa names, lifecycles, life forms, native/exotic species, propagation and uses, and to determine the dominant weed species. Random vegetation surveys were conducted. Weeds observed were photographed, and prepared as herbarium specimens. Standard key manuals and checklists were utilized for weed identification and later organized using the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification system. A total number of 72 plants species distributed within 16 families and 50 genera were inventoried. The annuals (66.67%) were the dominant weed followed by perennials (33.33%) while biennials were the least. The broad leaves were the dominant weed (44.61%) identified followed by Poaceae (27.7%) and Sedges (11.11%). Results obtained from this study could be useful in choosing the best management practice and in making a decision on the choice of herbicides and directing research towards improved weed control measures.

The most popular member of the family Moringaceae is Moringa oleifera Lam. While originally from the western sub-Himalayas, India, Pakistan, Asia, and Africa, this plant has since found its way around the world. Growth of the plant is slow in areas with harsh climates, despite evidence of its excellent adaptability in tropical regions. Moringa oleifera has been studied for its potential as a biodiesel source, as well as its usage as a natural coagulant for water purification. The maturation period of Moringa oleifera is rather long because it is frequently cultivated from seeds. Therefore, it is currently unable to meet the growing demand for this species to fulfil its many household, nutritional, economic, and medical purposes. This review covers the uses and the establishment, maintenance, and development of mass propagation of the plant. The review also covers extensive parts of the plant, from a single cell to an entire plant, under artificial and axenic conditions is the focus of plant tissue culture (PTC), which is an integral part of Plant Biotechnology due to the many benefits it offers over traditional methods of propagation. Plant hormones have been shown to improve the success of vegetative propagation from cuttings, but in order to obtain uniform planting materials, tissue culture techniques involving plant materials like nodal segments, indirect organogenesis, multiplication using immature seeds, and regeneration of axillary cotyledons and buds are preferable.

According to recent research, severe human-induced deforestation is causing 65 percent of the thirty Forest Reserves spread over Gombe State to progressively transform into the desert. The research was done in the Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve in Gombe State, Nigeria, to assess the richness of woody species and biodiversity preservation. The vegetation was sampled with the Point Centered Quarter technique. A complete enumeration of Woody (Trees and Shrubs) with (Diameter at Breast Height or DBH) ≥10 and ≥5cm was carried out. Using Simpson's Diversity and the Shannon-Wiener index, alpha diversity was evaluated. A total of 51 woody species from 16 families and 41 genera were discovered. 34 were trees while 17 were shrubs. Most species were found in the Fabaceae family. Ceasalpinoidae (10), Mimosoideae (4), Papilionoideae (3), Combretaceae (7), Rubiaceae (5), Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Capparaceae , Moraceae, Tiliaceae had two species each. The other families are namely Apocynaceae, Ebanaceae, Loganiaceae, Meliaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapotaceae, Zygophyllaceae with one species each. Simpson index of Diversity was (0.55) and the Shannon-Wiener index was (2.07). This study concluded that plants with low Importance Value Index or IVI such as Pterocarpus erinaceous, Capparis mitchelli, and Pericopsis laxiflora need urgent conservation measures. Therefore, it is important to properly adopt conservation and sustainable management measures.