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Owing to its high information density, energy efficiency, and massive parallelism, DNA computing has undergone several advances and made significant contributions to nanotechnology. Notably, arithmetic calculations implemented by multiple logic gates such as adders and subtractors have received much attention because of their well-established logic algorithms and feasibility of experimental implementation. Although small molecules have been used to implement these computations, a DNA tile-based calculator has been rarely addressed owing to complexity of rule design and experimental challenges for direct verification. Here, we construct a DNA-based calculator with three types of building blocks (propagator, connector, and solution tiles) to perform addition and subtraction operations through algorithmic self-assembly. An atomic force microscope is used to verify the solutions. Our method provides a potential platform for the construction of various types of DNA algorithmic crystals (such as flip-flops, encoders, and multiplexers) by embedding multiple logic gate operations in the DNA base sequences.

For more than two decades, structural DNA nanotechnology has been investigated, yet researchers still have not clearly determined the functional changes and the applicability of 10 DNA structures resulting from the introduction of a variety of ions. Lanthanide ions, such as Dy 3+ , Eu 3+ and Tb 3+ , are interesting rare earth ions that have unique characteristics applicable to photonics. Here, we have constructed lanthanide ion doped double-crossover DNA lattices, a new class of 15 functional DNA lattices, grown on a silica substrate. Deformation-free lattices were fabricated on a given substrate, and dopant ions were introduced to study their photoluminescence characteristics. The photoluminescence of the lanthanide ion-doped DNA lattices exhibited broad 20 65