The dual extrusion electrospinning technique was used to fabricate multilayered 3D scaffolds by stacking microfibrous meshes of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in alternate fashion to micro/nano mixed fibrous meshes of PLGA and collagen. To fabricate the multilayered scaffold, 35 wt% solution of PLGA in THF-DMF binary solvent (3:1) and 5 wt% solution of collagen in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) with and without hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA) were used. The dual and individual electrospinning of PLGA and collagen were carried out at flow rates of 1.0 and 0.5 mL/h, respectively, at an applied voltage of 20 kV. The density of collagen fibers in multilayered scaffolds has controlled the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The homogeneous dispersion of glutamic acid-modified hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA-GA) in collagen solution has improved the osteogenic properties of fabricated multilayered scaffolds. The fabricated multilayered scaffolds were characterized using FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to evaluate the adhesion and spreads of MC3T3-E1 cells on multilayered scaffolds. The activity of MC3T3-E1 cells on the multilayered scaffolds was evaluated by applying MTT, alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin Red, von Kossa, and cytoskeleton F-actin assaying protocols. The micro/nano fibrous PLGA-Col-HA scaffolds were found to be highly bioactive in comparison to pristine microfibrous PLGA and micro/nano mixed fibrous PLGA and Col scaffolds.
The PLGA/CuO hybrid nanofibers scaffolds were prepared via electrospinning technique. The presence of CuO in the PLGA scaffolds was confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The scaffolds were subjected to various antibacterial and cytobiocompatibility tests. The results not only showed excellent adhesion, proliferation, and viability (live/dead staining) for fibroblastic cells but also revealed that PLGA/CuO hybrid nanofiber scaffolds inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial growth. The mechanism of the antibacterial activity was concluded to be based on the CuO nanoparticles and Cu++ions release. It is, therefore, evaluated that PLGA/CuO hybrid nanofiber scaffolds can be a useful candidate for wound dressing.
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