In aquatic invertebrates, particularly marine gastropods, organotin compounds induce irreversible sexual abnormality in females, which is termed imposex, at very low concentrations. Organotin compounds are agonists for nuclear receptors such as RXRs and PPARγ. However, the imposex phenomenon has not been reported to act as an antagonist on estrogen receptors in other species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. In order to gain insights into the antagonistic activity of organotin compounds on estrogen receptors (ERs), we examined the inhibitive effect of these compounds on estradiol-dependent β-galactosidase activity using the yeast two-hybrid detection system consisting of a combination of the human estrogen receptor (hERβ) ligand-binding domain and the co-activator steroid receptor co-activator-1 (SRC1). Tributyltin-hydroxide (TBT-OH) and triphenyltin-chlorine (TPT-Cl) exhibited an inhibitive effect on E 2-dependent transcriptional activity, similar to antagonistic chemicals such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) or ICI 182,780, at a very low concentration of 10-14 M TBT or 10-10 M TPT, respectively. The yeast growth and transcriptional activity with transcriptional factor GAL4 did not exhibit any effect at the tested concentration of TBT or TPT. Moreover, the yeast two-hybrid system using the interaction between p53 and the T antigen of SV40 large did not describe any effect at the tested concentration of OHT or ICI 182,780. However, the interaction between p53 and T antigen was inhibited at a TBT or TPT concentration of 10-9 M, respectively. These results indicate that TBT and TPT act as inhibitors of ER-dependent reporter gene transcriptional activation and of the interaction between hERβ LBD and the co-activator SRC1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. Consequently, our data could partly explain the occurrence of organotin compoundinduced imposex on the endocrine system of mammals, including humans.
Since volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde (HCHO) associates with building and finishing materials such as paints, varnishes, and adhesives, the emission rates of VOCs and HCHO in indoor environments of newly constructed apartment according to floor levels were estimated using mass balance model. Mean indoor concentrations of benzene, toluene, styrene, and HCHO in middle floors were higher than those in low and high floors, whereas mean emission rates of VOCs in high floors were higher than those in middle and low floors. Mean indoor HCHO concentration in middle floor was significantly higher (p=0.001) than those in low and high floors, whereas the emission rates was not significant difference from those in low and high floors. The results could be explained that higher ventilation rates in high floors affect the indoor air quality as well as the emission rates of VOCs and HCHO. Considering the emission rates and indoor concentrations of VOCs and HCHO, it is suggested that apartment should be designed and constructed using materials emitting low hazardous air pollutants, with provision of decent ventilation.
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