It is known that the existence of primo vascular system (PVS) including the primo nodes and vessels. However, it is poorly understood the relevant genes in the PVS system both patho- and physiologic condition. Here, we first examined the gene expression in primo vessels (PV) floating in lymphatic endothelium by isolation of PVS and lymphatic vessels (LV) containing PVS. To investigate therapeutic effects, both PV and LV containing PVS were isolated after lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injection and acupuncture electric stimulation (AES) at two acupoints of Joksamni (ST36) and Hapgok (LI04) following LPS. We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to examine expression of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers and inflammatory related genes. We found that LEC markers such as Flt4, Lyve-1, Prox-1, and Pdpn were highly expressed in PV, compared to that of lymphatic endothelium, suggesting pivotal roles of PV in LV under inflammation. Furthermore, lymphatic related genes including Mtf2, Hif1a, Agtr1, and Agtr2 were also overall increased in PV and remarkably increased and these genes except Pparg after AES in two acupoints, implying central role of PV by gene activation.

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Background: The primo vascular system can be viewed as a circulatory system that plays a therapeutic function in regenerating the body tissue. The anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody was used as an immunotherapeutic agent to treat the novel coronavirus infection . Objectives: In this study, we observed the effect of injecting lymph nodes with Foralumab, an anti-human CD3 epsilon therapeutic monoclonal antibody, on primo vessels. Methods: The structure and atomic stoichiometry of the antibody were determined by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Alcian blue dying solution was injected into the lymph nodes of the abdominal vena cava of rabbits, and the solution further flowed into the lymph vessels. Results: A primo vessel with primo nodes stained with Alcian blue was clearly visible in the lymph vessel. By injecting Foralumab into lymph nodes of rabbits with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, the floating primo vessel in the lymph vessel appeared thicker and was distinctly visible. Conclusion:The observation of the primo vessel post-treated with Foralumab in the inflamed lymphatic system suggests the possibility of a functional role of the primo vascular circulatory system in pathophysiological conditions.

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