The need for storage and transportation facilities of liquefied natural gas have increased significantly because of global environmental regulations and recent shale gas innovation in North America. There is severe competition between Korea, Japan, and China for receiving manufacturing orders of LNG carriers or LNG storage tanks. Rationalization of the welding process used in the manufacturing of LNG facilities plays an important role in the above competition. This review paper presents the current global status and tendency for the development of latest welding technologies for LNG storage and transportation facilities. This article intends to present materials for raising the domestic competitive power for receiving manufacturing orders of LNG facilities.
Recently, an understanding of new sources of liquid hydrocarbons such as bioethanol is economically very important. Bioethanol is actually ethyl alcohol or also referred to as ethanol, identical to drinking alcohol by its composition. There are mainly two ways of producing ethanol, namely by synthesis of hydrocarbons and from biomass. Only the second approach deserves the terminology 'bioethanol'. The present dissertation is also designed with purpose of developing the energy-saving process for the separation of bioethanol. The world population is expected to grow past 8 billion by 2030 which are almost 60% in Asia Pacific. History has shown that energy use rises much faster than population expands. World wide demand for energy will increase significantly during the next 15 years driven by population growth and the transition of emerging markets into the global economy. In developing nations, a smaller increment in GDP per capita yields a higher increment in energy consumption compared to developed countries. In this study, we analised total 2,454 dissertations for the bioethanol during the 2001~2012 periods by the programs of 'web of science' and 'recently developped program by Korea Institute of Science Technology Information'.
With the increasing size and universalization of lithium-ion batteries, the development of cathode materials has emerged as a critical issue. The energy density of 18650 cylindrical batteries had more than doubled from 230 Wh/l in 1991 to 500 Wh/l in 2005. The energy capacity of most products ranges from 450 to 500 Wh/l or from 150 to 190 Wh/kg. Product developments are focusing on high capacity, safety, saved production cost, and long life. As Co is expensive among the cathode active materials LiCoO 2 , to increase energy capacity while decreasing the use of Co, composites such as LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2, and LiFePO 4 -C (167 mA/g) are being developed. Furthermore, many studies are being conducted to improve the performance of battery materials to meet the requirement of large capacity output density such as 500Wh/kg for electric bicycles, 1,500 Wh/kg for electric tools, and 4,000~5,000 Wh/kg for EV and PHEV. As new cathodes active materials with high energy capacity such as graphene-sulfur composite cathode materials with 600 Ah/kg and the molecular cluster for secondary battery with 320 Ah/kg are being developed these days, their commercializations are highly anticipated.
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