Our data suggest that in APN it is not always possible to routinely document urinary infection in a clinical setting. This finding could be explained by previous antibiotic treatment, low bacterial growth or atypical pathogens. Systematic CT or NMR is necessary to exclude evolution into abscesses, which cannot be suspected on clinical grounds or by ultrasound examination and may also develop in the absence of risk factors.

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Edmondo Comino was the first radiologist in Italy to take a keen interest in geriatric radiology. And the fact that he did so a few decades ago -in a predominantly hedonistic society focused on the potential benefits and future prospects of the technological revolution rather than on social issues, a society where the elderly were still marginalised -eloquently testifies to his far-sightedness and future orientation.In 1996, together with his pupil Teresa Cammarota, he published Lezioni di Diagnostica per Immagini in Geriatria (Lectures in Diagnostic Imaging in Geriatrics) to share the content of his lessons at the School of Specialisation in Gerontology and Geriatrics of Turin with the entire radiological community. Beautifully presented, the first edition provided not only a stimulus for others to learn more about the subject, but a valuable, quick-reference guide for daily practice, with elderly people being then, as now, the most regular users of radiology services.This second edition has more ambitious goals, asthanks to the impetus given by Comino -other texts have been produced and the interest within the Italian Society of Radiology (SIRM) has increased. New chapters have been added to this edition -for example, one summarising modalities and techniques used in present-day imagingand existing chapters have been extensively revised. If the first edition aimed primarily to promote interest in the elderly patient by introducing the novice to the basics of geriatric imaging, the new edition has taken a leap in quality by revisiting the issues in a more complete, modern and indepth fashion. Each chapter is generously illustrated with images and explanatory diagrams and tables, which, combined with the clinical information, render the discussion more effective and exhaustive. If the first edition was deliberately basic and Spartan in appearance, the layout here is more elegant and polished, and generally better suited to a book providing trained radiologists with an in-depth overview of the elderly patient.Edmondo Comino è stato il primo cultore della radiologia geriatrica in Italia: esserlo diventato qualche decennio fa, in una società tendenzialmente edonistica concentrata di più sulle potenzialità del boom tecnologico e dei suoi sviluppi futuri e meno sui propri aspetti sociali -ove l'anziano era ancora un emarginato -dimostra ampiamente la sua lungimiranza e preveggenza.Nel 1996 -assieme alla sua allieva Teresa Cammarotadiede alle stampe le "Lezioni di diagnostica per immagini in geriatria" mettendo a disposizione di tutti i radiologi quelle che erano delle semplici lezioni tenute alla Scuola di Specializzazione di Gerontologia e Geriatria di Torino: la veste editoriale era già eccellente, e per chi voleva quel testo era non solo uno stimolo ad approfondire l'argomento, ma anche una preziosissima guida (un "bignami", per chi se lo ricorda!) nella pratica quotidiana, visto che già allora l'anziano era il più assiduo frequentatore dei nostri servizi.Questa seconda edizione nasce con più ambiziosi traguardi, p...

Two hundred and one patients had biopsies of their native kidneys with ultrasound-guided needle technique. They were evaluated on the second postbiopsy day with colour-coded Doppler sonography. Ten patients out of these 201 were found to have an arteriovenous fistula, which remained asymptomatic for the whole follow-up period (follow-ups ranged from 2 to 31 months). Four of these 10 patients developed a perirenal haematoma as well and five macroscopic haematuria.Our study shows that the systematic use of colourcoded Doppler sonography after renal biopsy facilitates diagnosis of arteriovenous renal fistula.