of refractive error and ocular development in children from 4 ethnic groups. Patients and Methods: The study population included 2523 children (534 African American, 491 Asian, 463 Hispanic, and 1035 white) in grades 1 to 8 (age, 5-17 years). Myopia was defined as −0.75 diopters (D) or more and hyperopia as +1.25 D or more in each principal meridian, and astigmatism was defined as at least a 1.00-D difference between the 2 principal meridians (cycloplegic autorefraction). Results: Overall, 9.2% of the children were myopic, 12.8% were hyperopic, and 28.4% were astigmatic. There were significant differences in the refractive error prevalences as a function of ethnicity (2 , PϽ.001), even after

Finding Answers: Disparities Research for Change, a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Within our sample of inner city African Americans with hypertension, racial discrimination was associated with lower medication adherence, and this association was partially mediated by trust in physicians. Patient, physician and system approaches to increase "earned" trust may enhance existing interventions for promoting medication adherence.

We examined the relationship between trust in the medical system, medication adherence, and hypertension control in Southern African American men. The sample included 235 African American men aged 18 years and older with hypertension. African American men with higher general trust in the medical system were more likely to report better medication adherence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06), and those with higher self-efficacy were more likely to report better medication adherence and hypertension control (OR = 1.08 and OR = 1.06, respectively).

Objective-Little is known regarding eye care utilization among low income persons with diabetes, especially African Americans.Methods-A retrospective cohort study with two-years of follow-up examined eye care utilization among adult diabetes patients seen in 2007 in the internal medicine clinic of a large, urban, county hospital that serves primarily low income, non-Hispanic African American patients. Patients with a history of retinopathy and macular edema or a current diagnosis indicating ophthalmic complications were excluded. Eye care utilization was defined dichotomously as whether or not patients had a visit to the eye clinic for any eye care examination or procedure. We estimated crude and adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between eye care utilization and selected clinical and demographic characteristics.Results-There were 867 patients with diabetes identified: 61.9% women, 76.2% non-Hispanic African American, 61.3% indigent, and average age 51.8 years. Eye care utilization was 33.2% within one-year and 45.0% within two-years. For patients 19-39 years of age compared to those 65+ years, significantly decreased eye care utilization was observed within one-year (aRR=0.48, 95% CI 0.27-0.84) and within two-years (aRR=0.61, 95% CI 0.38-0.99).