Refractive Error and Ethnicity in Children

Kleinstein, Robert N.; Jones, Lisa; Hullett, Sandral; Kwon, Soonsi; Lee, Robert J.; Friedman, Nina E.; Manny, Ruth E.; Mutti, Donald O.; Yu, Julie A.; Zadnik, Karla

doi:10.1001/archopht.121.8.1141

Cited by 385 publications

(270 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The distributions of refractive frequency in various age groups displayed a clear change, the prevalence of hyperopia significantly decreased and the prevalence of myopia increased (10). It has been reported a prevalence of myopia of 11.6% for children aged 5 to 17 years and 20% for children aged 12 years and increased to 33% for those aged ≥ 20 years (46)(47)(48), and in study on 2353 Austeralian students aged 11-15-years old, the prevalence of myopia was 4.6% and this amount was 6.1% among European Caucasian and Middle Eastern children respectively, whereas prevalence of myopia was 31.5% among South Asian children (49). Similar to our findings, the increasing prevalence of myopia with age was observed in the population-based studies in some countries such as Taiwan (5), Australia (6), Singapore (7), Malaysia (13), and Indonesia (50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Uncorrected refractive errors are the potential causes of learning difficulties and may limit the choices children make in their daily activities. New policies are needed to be developed to address this public health problem (46). Suggesting that we should develop preventive strategies and also develop approaches towards early treatments of these sorts of visual disabilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

Khalaj¹,

Amiri²,

Zeidi³

et al. 2014

Biotech Health Sci

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Background:Refractive error remains one of the primary causes of visual impairment among school children all over the world, and its prevalence varies widely. Objectives: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive errors in school children aged 7 to 18 years in Qazvin, Iran. Patients and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 11821 students (aged 7 to 18 years) were recruited from different schools. Emmetropia was defined as refractive status between +0.25 and -0.25 D sphere. A -0.50 D or greater spherical considered as myopia, -6.00 D or more as high myopia, and +0.50 D or more as hyperopia, and a cylinder refraction greater than 0.75 D was defined as astigmatism. Visual acuity and refraction of all students were tested. Anterior and posterior segment examination and ocular motility evaluation were also performed to rule out the pathological causes of visual impairments. Results:The study was performed on 5641 (47.72%) male and 6180 (52.28%) female students. The prevalence of myopia (from 32.96% at the age of 7 to 79.02% at the age of 18 years) significantly increased (P < 0.001), and hyperopia significantly decreased (from 47.07% in 7-year-old individuals to 8.32% in 18-year-old subjects) with age (P < 0.001). There were significant differences in refractive errors between males and females. Hyperopia and myopia was more common among female in comparison to males (P < 0.001). Astigmatism greater than 0.75 D in one or both eyes was found in 990 children (8.37%). Astigmatism increased from 6.04% in 7-year-old students to 9.86% in 15-year-oldstudents e and then no more difference was found in age group ranged from 15 to 18 years. Conclusions: Based on our study, the prevalence of myopia is more than other types of refractive error, which is similar to that reported in previous studies on other school-age populations in some Asian countries. The high prevalence of refractive error among school-age children indicated that untreated refractive error is one of the most common public health problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

Khalaj¹,

Amiri²,

Zeidi³

et al. 2014

Biotech Health Sci

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“…In a large study of the refractive error of American children, Kleinstein and colleagues 62 noted an increased prevalence of astigmatism in children of Asian and Hispanic origin. Asian children displayed a prevalence of astigmatism of one or more dioptres of 33.6 per cent and Hispanic children a prevalence of 36.9 per cent.…”

Section: Astigmatism In Ethnic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis

Read

Collins

Carney

2007

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

229

205

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Astigmatism is a refractive condition encountered commonly in clinical practice. This review presents an overview of research that has been carried out examining various aspects of this refractive error. We examine the components of astigmatism and the research into the prevalence and natural course of astigmatic refractive errors throughout life. The prevalence of astigmatism in various ethnic groups and diseases and syndromes is also discussed. We highlight the extensive investigations that have been conducted into the possible aetiology of astigmatism, however, no single model or theory of the development of astigmatism has been proven conclusively. Theories of the development of astigmatism based on genetics, extraocular muscle tension, visual feedback and eyelid pressure are considered. Observations and evidence from the literature supporting and contradicting these hypotheses are presented. Recent advances in technology such as wavefront sensors and videokeratoscopes have led to an increased understanding of ocular astigmatism and with continued improvements in technology, our knowledge of astigmatism and its genesis should continue to grow.

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“…Several studies have shown associations between "presumed" eyelid pressure and changes in corneal topography, particularly induced astigmatism. [29][30][31][32][33][34] There are conflicting results regarding whether Asian palpebral aperture size (PAS) is smaller than that of non-Asians. 5 The reasons responsible for these discrepancies include different sampling of study cohorts, definitions of ethnic groups, and measurement techniques.…”

Section: Eyelidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for Ethnicity-Related Differences in Ocular Surface Integrity as a Step Toward Understanding Contact Lens Discomfort

Chan

Svitova

Lin³

2017

Eye &Amp; Contact Lens: Science &Amp; Clinical Practice

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Contact lens discomfort is a common problem that can lead to unsuccessful or limited contact lens wear. Although many factors may contribute to contact lens discomfort, limited research has explored the influence of ethnicity-related differences in the anatomy and physiology of the ocular surface. Therefore, we performed a search of the literature in PubMed using key words related to “ocular surface” paired with the terms “race” and “ethnicity.” The goal of this review was to determine potential areas of research regarding ethnicity differences, particularly between Asian and non-Asian eyes, in ocular surface integrity to advance our understanding of contact lens discomfort.

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Refractive Error and Ethnicity in Children

Cited by 385 publications

References 15 publications

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis

Accounting for Ethnicity-Related Differences in Ocular Surface Integrity as a Step Toward Understanding Contact Lens Discomfort

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