Using the framework for solving the spherically symmetric field equations in observational coordinates given in Araújo & Stoeger (1999), their formulation and solution in the perturbed FLRW spherically symmetric case with observational data representing galaxy redshifts, number counts and observer area distances, both as functions of redshift on our past light cone, are presented. The importance of the central conditions, those which must hold on our world line C, is emphasized. In detailing the solution for these perturbations, we discuss the gauge problem and its resolution in this context, as well as how errors and gaps in the data are propagated together with the genuine perturbations. This will provide guidance for solving, and interpreting the solutions of the more complicated general perturbation problem with observational data on our past light cone.
Resumo O conceito de cidades inteligentes, apesar de não possuir uma definição universalmente aceita, está cada vez mais sendo discutido. Com o aumento significativo da porcentagem da população que vive em cidades e o consequente aumento do uso dos recursos, novos modelos de cidades são desenhados para que tal crescimento possa ser sustentável. A energia é um dos principais recursos necessários para o homem, e novas formas de geração de energia devem ser consideradas. Devido às condições geográficas brasileiras, o uso da energia fotovoltaica aparenta ser uma excelente opção, porém hoje corresponde a aproximadamente 2% da energia total brasileira. Este trabalho buscou relacionar de que forma as condições meteorológicas influenciam na geração de energia de painéis fotovoltaicos, de modo a permitir a criação de ferramentas que identifiquem regiões com alto potencial de geração de energia fotovoltaica. As variáveis meteorológicas foram consideradas como variáveis independentes do modelo proposto, que buscava explicar a variável dependente Energia. Os resultados demonstraram uma potencial geração de energia solar fotovoltaica em diversos locais no Brasil, já que a incidência de radiação solar foi identificada como a variável que mais explica a energia gerada, e o país possui altas taxas desta variável em toda sua extensão.
The aim of the present paper is to develop a spatial analysis methodology with an inference fuzzy system using the geoprocessing techniques to generate an anthropic pressure indicator (API) based on two other indicators: Circularity Index (CI) and Edge Effects Index (EEI). This new methodology could indicate the remaining forest fragments exposition level after the anthropic action, considering the relationship between the geometry (CI) and the type of land use around the area (EEI) as the main factors. The studied area is located in the southwest part of São Paulo state, Brazil. The obtained results show that rivers are often found as limits between fragments, demonstrating the importance of the preservation and conservation of riparian forest. In total, 846 forest fragments were identified, occupying 6.19 % of the study area, totalizing 2775.7 ha. Out of the total fragments 48.7 % were in medium and advanced successional stage of regeneration presenting elongated shapes and 16 % were in a high fragility interval, consequence of the edge effects. Moreover, the map of API showed that 16.2 % forest fragments were in a moderate high anthropic pressure interval, which deserve special attention for being very elongated, limited and pressured in an intense way by different types of land use which affect its surroundings. Thereby, the study demonstrated that the understanding of pressure types imposed on the remaining forest fragments through an indicator can contribute to management programs and territorial planning, giving conditions to the forest restoration in areas of strong anthropic pressure, and that the employment of fuzzy logics and geoprocessing could contribute significantly to diagnosis and trouble characterizations.
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