Fundo, RS, quatro sistemas de produção de grãos com pastagens anuais de inverno. Os sistemas foram constituídos por: sistema I (trigo/soja, aveia-preta pastejada/soja e aveia-preta pastejada/soja); sistema II (trigo/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca pastejadas/milho); sistema III (trigo/soja, aveia-preta + ervilhaca pastejadas/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca pastejadas/milho); e sistema IV (trigo/soja, aveia-branca/soja e aveia-branca/soja). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e parcelas totalizando 500 m 2 . Na média dos seis anos, o sistema II mostrou maior receita líquida (R$ 432,71/ha) do que o sistema IV (R$ 322,93/ha). Por sua vez, o sistema II não diferiu significativamente dos sistemas I (R$ 377,93/ha) e III (R$ 400,27/ha). A integração lavoura pecuária sob sistema de cultivo plantio direto foi viável tanto para as culturas de inverno e de verão como para a engorda de bovinos no período invernal.Termos para indexação: sistemas de nutrição, rotação de cultura, gado de corte, engorda, custos, insumos agrícolas, rentabilidade. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GRAIN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS WITH ANNUAL WINTER PASTURES, UNDER NO-TILLAGEABSTRACT -During six years (1990 to 1995), at
Fusarium head blight of wheat (Triticum aestivum), caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae, is a floral infecting disease that causes quantitative and qualitative losses to winter cereals. In Brazil, the sanitary situation of wheat has led to research in order to develop strategies for sustainable production, even under adverse weather conditions. To increase the knowledge of the relationship among the presence of anthesis, the infectious process, the disease progress and the saprophytic fungi present in wheat anthers, studies were conducted in the experimental field of University of Passo Fundo (UPF), using the cultivar Marfim, in the 2011 growing season. The disease incidence in spikes and spikelets was evaluated. The presence of exserted anthers increased the spike exposure time to the inoculum. The final incidence of fusarium head blight, in the field, was dependent on the presence of exserted anthers. The disease followed an aggregation pattern and its evolution increased with time, apparently showing growth according to secondary cycles. The fungi isolated from exserted anthers (Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Drechslera spp. and Epicoccum sp.) did not compete for the infection site of fusarium head blight in wheat, not interfering with the incidence of F. graminearum.
Black root rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tass.) Goid., is the most common root disease in soybean fields. This study aimed to determine the in vitro mycelial sensitivity, measured by the IC50 (concentration to inhibit 50% of the fungus mycelial growth) of a M. phaseolina isolate obtained from soybean, to different fungicides (thiram, iprodione, carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, fluquinconazol, tolyfluanid, metalaxyl and penflufen + trifloxystrobin), at six concentrations (0.01 mg L-1, 0.10 mg L-1, 1.00 mg L-1, 10.00 mg L-1, 20.00 mg L-1 and 40.00 mg L-1 of the active ingredient). The 0.00 mg L-1 concentration represented the control, without fungicide addition. The mycelial growth evaluation was performed with the aid of a digital pachymeter, by measuring the colonies diameter, when the fungus growth in the control treatment reached the Petri dish edge. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Concerning the fungitoxicity of active ingredients, a variation from non-toxic to highly fungitoxic was observed to the M. phaseolina isolate, with IC50 values ranging from 0.23 mg L-1 to > 40.00 mg L-1, being carbendazim the most efficient one (IC50 = 0.23 mg L-1). The fungus showed insensitivity to the active ingredients of fluquinconazole, metalaxyl, thiram and tolyfluanid.
RESUMO -Foram avaliados dados obtidos de experimentos conduzidos, no período de 1990 a 1995, na Universidade de Passo Fundo, RS, objetivando estudar a conversão e o balanço energético de quatro sistemas de produção de grãos com pastagens anuais de inverno. Os quatro sistemas foram constituídos por: sistema I (trigo/soja, aveia-preta/soja e aveia-preta/soja); sistema II (trigo/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho); sistema III (trigo/soja, aveia-preta + ervilhaca/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho); e sistema IV (trigo/soja, aveia-branca/soja e aveia-branca/soja). As culturas, tanto de inverno como de verão, foram estabelecidas sob sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e parcelas totalizando 500 m 2 . Os sistemas II e III apresentaram conversão energética (5,78 e 5,44) e balanço energético (23.728 e 21.741 kg/Mcal) superiores aos sistemas I (3,79 e 11.553 kg/Mcal) e IV (4,33 e 12.879 kg/Mcal), respectivamente. Ficou evidenciado que a integração lavoura-pecuária sob sistema plantio direto foi viável, pois a conversão e o balanço energético foram positivos, tendo sido significativamente maiores nos sistemas que incluíram a cultura de milho.Termos para indexação: energia, caloria, rendimento de grãos. ENERGY CONVERSION AND BALANCE OF GRAIN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS WITH PASTURES UNDER NO-TILLAGEABSTRACT -Data obtained from experiments conducted, from 1990 to 1995, at the Universidade de Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were evaluated with the objective to study the energy conversion and balance of four grain production systems with annual winter pastures. Four grain production systems were evaluated: system I (wheat/soybean, black oats/soybean, and black oats/soybean); system II (wheat/soybean and black oats + common vetch/corn); system III (wheat/soybean, black oats + common vetch/soybean, and black oats + common vetch/corn); and system IV (wheat/soybean, white oats/soybean, and white oats/soybean). Both winter and summer crops were grown under no-tillage. The trial was set up blocks at random, with three replications and plots with 500 m 2 . Systems II and III showed higher energy conversion (5.78 and 5.44) and balance rates (23,728 and 21,741 kg/Mcal), as compared to systems I (3.79 and 11,553 kg/Mcal) and IV (4.33 and 12,879 kg/Mcal), respectively. It was evident that the integration crop-livestock under no-tillage is a viable system, since the energetic conversion and balance showed positive results; actually, these rates were significantly higher in the systems including corn crop.
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