In 1971 a statutory programme aiming at the early detection of cancer was established in Germany. Since then, acceptance has been low, especially among men. In 2002, 49 % of the women, but only 20 % of the men entitled to screening, took part in the free preventive medical screening. This paper gives an overview of the research done in Germany between 1973 and 2003, examining the associations of sociodemographic factors with participation in cancer screening. All studies show that participation rates increase steadily with age in men, but decrease in elderly women (55 years and older). Participation rates among women are significantly associated with educational level and occupational status. Among men, however, the relationship between socio-economic status and attendance appears to be less pronounced. Since 1971, participation rates have increased much more among women than among men, but, interestingly, the reasons for the gender differences in attendance rates have not been studied until now. Variables which were identified in international studies as predictors of participation, such as physician's recommendation or marital status, should be acknowledged in future research.
Objective To evaluate the use of reproductive health care and incidence of paediatric HIV infection during the expansion of antiretroviral therapy and services for the prevention of mother-tochild transmission in rural Malawi, and the influence of integration of these HIV-related services into general health services.Design Descriptive analysis.Setting Thyolo District, with a population of 600 000, an HIV prevalence of 21% and a total fertility rate of 5.7 in 2004.Population Women attending reproductive health services care in 2005 and 2010.Methods Review of facility records and databases for routine monitoring.Main outcome measures Use of antenatal, intrapartum, postpartum, family planning and sexually transmitted infection services; incidence of HIV infection in infants born to mothers who received prevention of mother-to-child transmission care.Results There was a marked increase in the uptake of perinatal care: pregnant women in 2010 were 50% more likely to attend at least one antenatal visit (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.48-1.51); were twice as likely to deliver at a healthcare facility (RR 2.05, 95% CI 2.01-2.08); and were more than four times as likely to present for postpartum care (RR 4.40,. Family planning consultations increased by 40% and the number of women receiving treatment for sexually transmitted infections doubled. Between 2007 and 2010, the number of HIV-exposed infants who underwent testing for HIV went up from 421 to 1599/year, and the proportion testing positive decreased from 13.3 to 5.0%; infants were 62% less likely to test HIV positive (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.27-0.52).Conclusions During the expansion and integration of HIV care, the use of reproductive health services increased and the outcomes of infants born to HIV-infected mothers improved. HIV care may be successfully integrated into broader reproductive health services.
Na cidade de Ponta Grossa a dinâmica entre ordenação territorial e questão ambiental é peculiar, pois conta com 170 km de arroios no perímetro urbano e grande parte está canalizada, indicando a lógica de desenvolvimento pretendida. Sob a perspectiva crítica dos estudos urbanos, este artigo descreve e analisa o percurso dos arroios da cidade e seu entendimento perante a legislação urbana municipal. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, aliada à pesquisa bibliográfica e documental com o uso de legislações e mapas, demonstrou-se que os arroios da cidade não se destacam na legislação urbana e ambiental do município, impactando no desenvolvimento urbano.
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